Metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic modifications on the path to cancer

Metabolic rewiring and epigenetic remodeling, which are closely linked and reciprocally regulate each other, are among the well-known cancer hallmarks. Recent evidence suggests that many metabolites serve as substrates or cofactors of chromatin-modifying enzymes as a consequence of the translocation or spatial regionalization of enzymes or metabolites. Various metabolic alterations and epigenetic modifications also reportedly drive immune escape or impede immunosurveillance within certain contexts, playing important roles in tumor progression. In this review, we focus on how metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells and immune cells reshapes epigenetic alterations, in particular the acetylation and methylation of histone proteins and DNA. We also discuss other eminent metabolic modifications such as, succinylation, hydroxybutyrylation, and lactylation, and update the current advances in metabolism- and epigenetic modification-based therapeutic prospects in cancer.

Regionalization of Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) in Spain

<p>Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) is an atmospheric variable that represents the extra water vapor that air may contain prior to condensation. It is a relevant variable for climatology due to its consideration as a measure of ‘air dryness’, but also for hydrology and ecohydrology. In spite of its relevance, studies focusing on VPD are scarce, especially when comparing with other variables such as temperature or precipitation. To obtain VPD values, temperature and air humidity data are required at the same time and location, which is difficult to obtain even in dense observational networks. While temperature is positively related with VPD, relative humidity shows a negative relation with VPD.</p><p>Within the framework of the CLICES Project, a spatial regionalization of VPD will be performed for mainland Spain. This project is focused on the climatic reconstruction of the last century and, for the most recent decades, data from a Regional Climate Model (RCM) simulation will be used as a complement of the observational data. Specifically, the climate of Spain for the period 1980-2017 at 3-hourly time step was simulated using REMO. Among a high amount of available methods, a bias correction procedure based on a quantile-quantile mapping in spatial coherent regions will be tested for the RCM correction. In order to implement this methodology, the VPD spatial regionalization is required and it will be addressed using a clustering methodology. Furthermore, regionalization of VPD will sharply improve our knowledge of this variable in Spain, a region showing high spatial contrasts affecting temperature, precipitation and wind speed. It is expected that the combination of the dissimilarities between temperature and precipitation will emerge in the regionalization of VPD values.</p>

Spatial distribution of runoff in Temstica river basin

The values of specific runoff are defined by model of multi factorial analyses combined with method of "grid" system. Elemental unit is presented by unit field of 0.5 x 0.5 km. Such multi regression model of high statistical significance enables analyses of specific runoff from many aspects. First aspect is establishing the amount and distribution of water for every altitude zone in total runoff creating. Second is presented in its altitude distribution in dependence of altitude existing of some lithologic-hydrologic complex; at the and from aspect from spatial regionalization it is possible to perceive water distribution within the river basin. By that we could realize water condition of some differential and contrast areas. Application of above mentioned methods as well as processing of each relevant parameter for studying these kinds of problems are carried out in GEOMEDIA program.

Potential evapotranspiration estimates for northeast Brazil using GOES-8 data

In this study, an empirical method proposed by Caselles et al. (1992a) is utilized to determine the potential evapotranspiration (ETP) on a regional scale. This method uses the global solar radiation data retrieved by the global radiation model GL1.0, which in turn utilizes data from the visible channel of the GOES-8 satellite. This method is applied to the northeast region of Brazil, using daily and monthly climatological data as the ground truth information to estimate the ETP and the estimated daily ETP data for September, 1997. The methodology involved three steps: 1) to perform a spatial regionalization of the ETP using the method of Ward, which is available in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS); 2) to obtain the correlation between the ETP as estimated by the methods of Jensen & Haise (1963) - MJH, Caselles (1992a) - MCA, and the Penman's combined method (1948) - MCP; 3) to test the sensibility of the empirical formulations proposed and to assess the estimates using the satellite-based global solar radiation provided by the GL1.0 model. The spatial regionalization shows two distinct regions in the Northeastern Brazil. The MCA yielded better results than the MJH. The ETP estimates using satellite data were satisfactory, showing a maximum error of 20% when compared with the ground truth data.