Acid-in-clay electrolyte for wide-temperature-range and long-cycle proton batteries

Proton conduction underlies many important electrochemical technologies. We report a series of new proton electrolytes: acid-in-clay electrolyte termed AiCE, prepared by integrating fast proton carriers in a natural phyllosilicate clay network, that can be made into thin-film (tens of microns) fluid-impervious membranes. The chosen example systems (sepiolite-phosphoric acid) rank top among the solid proton conductors in consideration of proton conductivities (15 mS cm−1 at 25 °C, 0.023 mS cm−1 at −82 °C), the stability window (3.35 V), and reduced chemical activity. A solid-state proton battery was assembled using AiCE as the electrolyte to demonstrate the performance of these electrolytes. Benefitting from the wider electrochemical stability window, reduced corrosivity, and excellent ionic selectivity of AiCE, the two main problems (gasification and cyclability) of proton batteries have been successfully solved. This work also draws the attention of elemental cross-over in proton batteries and illustrates a simple “acid-in-clay” approach to synthesize a series of solid proton electrolytes with a superfast proton permeability, outstanding selectivity, and improved stability for many potential applications associated with protons.

The Influence of Hydrogen Passivation on Conductive Properties of Graphene Nanomesh—Prospect Material for Carbon Nanotubes Growing

Graphene nanomesh (GNM) is one of the most intensively studied materials today. Chemical activity of atoms near GNM’s nanoholes provides favorable adsorption of different atoms and molecules, besides that, GNM is a prospect material for growing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on its surface. This study calculates the dependence of CNT’s growing parameters on the geometrical form of a nanohole. It was determined by the original methodic that the CNT’s growing from circle nanoholes was the most energetically favorable. Another attractive property of GNM is a tunable gap in its band structure that depends on GNM’s topology. It is found by quantum chemical methods that the passivation of dangling bonds near the hole of hydrogen atoms decreases the conductance of the structure by 2–3.5 times. Controlling the GNM’s conductance may be an important tool for its application in nanoelectronics.

The use of 19F in Medicine in Poland and in the World

Fluorine is a chemical element belonging to the group of halogens. Due to its many properties, it has been used in various fields of medicine, mainly in dentistry, pharmacology, oncology, and radiology. It is an element that occurs naturally in the environment with a very high chemical activity. In addition, it has a high affinity for calcium or magnesium [1], which may have a large impact on the body's functioning when a higher dose of fluoride is taken. Moreover, fluorine is an element that has toxic effects, not only on living organisms but also on the environment. Fluoride-based preparations are widely used in several areas of medicine. This paper presents the use of fluoride in its various branches of medicine.

Extremely Overdoped Superconducting Cuprates via High Pressure Oxygenation Methods

Within the cuprate constellation, one fixed star has been the superconducting dome in the quantum phase diagram of transition temperature vs. the excess charge on the Cu in the CuO2-planes, p, resulting from O-doping or cation substitution. However, a more extensive search of the literature shows that the loss of the superconductivity in favor of a normal Fermi liquid on the overdoped side should not be assumed. Many experimental results from cuprates prepared by high-pressure oxygenation show Tc converging to a fixed value or continuing to slowly increase past the upper limit of the dome of p = 0.26–0.27, up to the maximum amounts of excess oxygen corresponding to p values of 0.3 to > 0.6. These reports have been met with disinterest or disregard. Our review shows that dome-breaking trends for Tc are, in fact, the result of careful, accurate experimental work on a large number of compounds. This behavior most likely mandates a revision of the theoretical basis for high-temperature superconductivity. That excess O atoms located in specific, metastable sites in the crystal, attainable only with extreme O chemical activity under HPO conditions, cause such a radical extension of the superconductivity points to a much more substantial role for the lattice in terms of internal chemistry and bonding.

Effect of Sulfurization Process on Octahedral Molybdenum Cluster from Mo6 Cluster to MoS2 Nanosheet

The Mo6 cluster which has the great optical properties and chemical activity because of their unique electronic structure have been attracted attention in many fields such as phosphor and photocatalyst. However, the Mo6 cluster it’s hard to recycling which limited its industry application because of its such small nanoscale. Immobilizing the Mo6 cluster on 2-D material has a great value to challenge it. In this research, we study on the sulfurization process of Mo6Br12 cluster to investigate the more possibility of the immobilization of Mo6 cluster.

The Correlation Between the Electronegativities and the Standard Potentials

Linear correlations are analyzed between the empirical electronegativities χa of metals and non-metals and their standard potentials Eo. The correlation intersection corresponds to the transfer from metals to non-metals, characterized by the intermediate electronegativity χa,interm and the standard potential Eo ~+ 0.5 V SHE which is close to Billiter potential +0.475 V SHE. It is concluded that χa,interm and Eo ~ +0.5 V SHE would define some hypothetical substance (neither metal nor non-metal) without its own chemical activity. This would be due to the intermediate non-specific (definite coulomb) bond of its outer electrons being insufficiently unstable (as metallic bonds) for breaking and insufficiently stable (as non-metallic bonds) for accepting electrons in half-reactions. Spontaneous half-reactions are analyzed as interactions of Red - and Ox - forms with water molecules on electrodes due to break Red + H2O → Ox + neinterm and formation Ox + neinterm + H2O → Red of specific (chemical) electron bonds, where neinterm are electrons in the absence of a specific bond with Ox-forms but at the definite coulomb bond with them. The instant division of electrons, ions, polarization water molecules of formed intermediate complexes leads to the appearance of double-electric layers on electrodes.