Trade in Carbon and Carbon Tariffs

Carbon-based import tariffs are proposed as a policy measure to reduce carbon leakage and increase the global cost-effectiveness of unilateral CO2 emission pricing. We investigate the case for carbon tariffs. For our assessment, we combine multi-region input–output and computable general equilibrium analyses based on data from the World Input–Output Database for the period 2000–2014. The multi-region input–output analysis confirms that carbon embodied in trade has increased during this period, but trade flows from Non-OECD to OECD countries became less important in relative terms since the 2007–2008 financial crisis. The computable general equilibrium analysis suggests that carbon tariffs’ efficacy in combating leakage increases in periods when trade in carbon increases. However, its potential to improve the global-cost effectiveness of unilateral emission pricing remains modest. On the other hand, we find that the potential of carbon tariffs to shift the economic burden of CO2 emission reduction from abating developed regions to non-abating developing regions increases sharply between 2000 and 2007, but declines after the financial crisis.

Assessment of cadmium ion adsorption capacity in water by biochar produced from pyrolysis of cow dung

Biochar production from cattle waste and the potential of biochar as an adsorbent for treating pollution are among the hot research topics in recent years. The goal of this study is to evaluate the ability to adsorption Cd2+ from water of biochar produced from cow dung at varying pyrolysis temperatures (300, 450, and 500oC).The study determineda number of surface-level chemical characteristics of the biocharsamples such astotal organic carbon (TOC), pH, pHpzc, functional group H+ , OH- , and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Biochar samples were subjected to two different experiments: the first submerged the biochar in Cd2+ solutions at different concentration (0- 132 mgCd2+ .L -1 ) for a fixed 12 h and the second submerged the biochar in Cd2+ solutions at a fixed concentration of 66 mgCd2+ .L -1 for a varying length of time. Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium analyses were conducted on the samples at the end of the experiments. The Cd2+ adsorption process of these biochar forms fit Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models as well as a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The study concluded that biochar produced from pyrolysis of cow dung could be employed as an adsorbentfor the removal of Cd2+ from water.

Competitive Agents in Certain and Uncertain Markets

This book uses concepts from optimization theory to develop an integrated analytic framework for treating consumer, producer, and market equilibrium analyses as special cases of a generic optimization problem. The same framework applies to both stochastic and non-stochastic decision settings, so that the latter is recognized as an (important) special case of the former. The analytic techniques are borrowed from convex analysis and variational analysis. Special emphasis is given to generalized notions of differentiability, conjugacy theory, and Fenchel's Duality Theorem. The book shows how virtually identical conjugate analyses form the basis for modeling economic behavior in each of the areas studied. The basic analytic concepts are borrowed from convex analysis. Special emphasis is given to generalized notions of differentiability, conjugacy theory, and Fenchel's Duality Theorem. It is demonstrated how virtually identical conjugate analyses form the basis for modelling economic behaviour in each of the areas studied.

Life histories decide reserve benefits in transient yields and bycatch persistence

Recent research indicates that marine reserves can both improve fisheries yields of target species and maintain the persistence of bycatch species. However, the prevalent equilibrium analyses prevent our understandings in transient behavior at short-time scales. Here, we develop high dimensional theoretical frameworks by considering age structure to assess the relative advantages between reserve-only and no-reserve fisheries management strategies. Our results show that whether strategies with only reserves can achieve higher fisheries yields (measured by both weight and number) and maintain bycatch persistence depends on the life histories of both target and bycatch species through perspectives of transient oscillations. Our research has important practical applications especially for the West Coast groundfish fishery in the USA, as it suggests that reserves can perform benefits in both fisheries and conservation goals for target species with older ages at maturity and lower adult survivorship.