Evaluation of Natural Oil Adducts in Alkyd-Based Varnish Emulsion and Effect on Rowan (Sorbus torminalis) Wood

In these days, preparation of eco-friendly wood surface coating agents has become important topic for environmental concerns. In this study, an alternative surface coating formulations was prepared with adducts of oils of apricot kernel (A), sesame (S) and grape seed (G) were mixed with oil modified alkyd-based synthetic varnish system. These emulsions were applied on Rowan (Sorbus torminalis) wood and exposed artificial UV irradiation. However, all emulsion coated samples show lower water sorptions regardless of conditions or level of treatments. Increasing adduct charges from 5.0% to 10% have not considerably effects for water sorptions. The reducing water sorption properties of 35.5%, 35.2% and 39.4% were obtained with 10% sesame oil-varnish coated samples of 10Sı and 10 Sıı in one- and two-time coatings and three-times coated samples of 5Sııı in 5.0% sesame oil-varnish emulsion coatings, respectively. Moreover, selected oil adducts into varnish had one and two point lowering effects on coated surface hardness (in 4H-5H levels). The UV exposure seems to not much influence on surface hardness properties. The similar tendency were also observed for cross-cut resistance that marginally similar adhesion (scratch resistance) for both control and UV exposured samples. Increasing coatings and charge of apricot kernel oil in varnish emulsion looks like more effective than other varnish formulations, in terms of gloss stability. However, increasing adducts charges and UV radiation time, have more less similar effects on all coated and UV irradiated samples.

Effect of Apricot Kernel Oil on Serum Response of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined effects of apricot kernel oil (Prunus armeniaca L.) on the immune mechanisms. After Fish weight 40 ±0,03 g was intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection 1% and 10% apricot kernel oil (AKO), blood was taken from the caudal vein of anesthetized (50 ppm, benzocaine) fish. Myeloperoxidase production (MPO), Serum bactericidal activity, protein levels, Lysozyme response (LYS) and total immunoglobulin (Ig) were determined on days 3, 7, 14 and 21. The same strategy was conducted on a control bunch. No contrasts were found within the levels of immunuglobulin between the control and test groups. However, there were considerable increases in bactericidal activity, MPO, LYS, protein levels and important differences were detected between the control and experimental groups. AKO can be utilized to improve the resistant instruments of rainbow trout.

Ultrasound assisted extraction of apricot kernel oil: effect on physicochemical, morphological characteristics, and fatty acid composition

The application of ultrasound during extraction of oil from apricot kernels using hexane was evaluated and compared with conventional methods (mechanical extraction and Soxhlet extraction). Results show that ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) yields more oil with less solvent consumption. The oil yield from UAE, SE, and ME were 44.72%, 44.33%, and 35.06%, respectively. It is noteworthy that it took 44 min to extract oil by UAE method, while alike yield was obtained from SE in 6 hours. Oil extracted by UAE exhibited significantly higher peroxide and ester values. The functional groups of apricot kernel oil were analysed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Untreated and treated kernel powders were studied by scanning electron microscopy, and the development of microstructures and disruption of cell walls were evaluated. Our study suggests that ultrasound assisted extraction may be an effective method to extract edible oils by achieving higher efficiency in shorter extraction time.

Experimental Investigation of Immunomodulator Galavit® Diffusion in a Model System

Introduction. The widespread use of immunomodulators in medical practice contributes to the development of their new dosage forms.Aim. The aim of this work is to develop a transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) Galavit® and to study a diffusion of the drug from it through the Strat-M membrane in vitro.Materials and methods. The medicinal substance was Galavit® in the form of a powder for the preparation of a solution for intramuscular administration («SELVIM», Russia). Saline solution, sodium dodecyl sulfate, apricot kernel oil, Decaglyn PR-20 and others were used as excipients. Heidolph DIAX900 dispersant (Germany) and ultrasonic homogenizer Heilscher UIS250V (Germany) were used to make the emulsion compositions. The delamination time and particle size of emulsion compositions were determined using the LUMiSizer dispersion analyzer (LUM, Germany). Diffusion studies of Galavit® from TTS through the Strat-M membrane (25 mm in diameter, Merck Millipore) were carried out on the Copley diffusion analyzer (UK). Quantitative determination of Galavit® was performed by spectrophotometry (UV-2600 Shimadzu, Japan) in the wavelength range 294–298 nm in model media.Results and discussion. The characteristic parameters of emulsion compositions were determined during the study: the particle size varied from 0.1 to 2 µm, the delamination time – from 9 to 95 min depending on the composition. The maximum yield of the drug from the TTS was 30 % through the membrane.Conclusion. The possibility of transdermal transfer of Galavit® from TTS is shown in model experiments.