Cosmological Formation of (2 + 1)-Dimensional Soliton Structures in Models Possessing Potentials with Local Peaks

Production of domain walls and string-like solitons in the model with two real scalar fields and potential with at least one saddle point and a local maximum is considered. The model is regarded as 2-dimensional spatial slices of 3-dimensional entire structures. It is shown that, in the early Universe, both types of solitons may appear. In addition, the qualitative estimate of the domain walls and strings formation probabilities is presented. It is found that the probability of the formation of string-like solitons is suppressed compared to that of domain walls.

Radially and azimuthally excited states of a soliton system of vortex and Q-ball

In the present paper, we continue to study the two-dimensional soliton system that is composed of vortex and Q-ball components interacting with each other through an Abelian gauge field. This vortex-Q-ball system is electrically neutral as a whole, nevertheless it possesses a nonzero electric field. Moreover, the vortex-Q-ball system has a quantized magnetic flux and a nonzero angular momentum, and combines properties of topological and nontopological solitons. We investigate radially and azimuthally excited states of the vortex-Q-ball system along with the unexcited vortex-Q-ball system at different values of gauge coupling constants. We also ascertain the behaviour of the vortex-Q-ball system in several extreme regimes, including thin-wall and thick-wall regimes.