Analysis of Free Sugars, Organic Acids, and Fatty Acids of Wood Apple (Limonia acidissima L.) Fruit Pulp

Wood apple (Limonia acidissima L.) is an underutilized, fruit-yielding tree that is native to India and Sri Lanka. Wood apple trees are also cultivated in India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Kampuchea, Laos, and Indonesia for delicious fruits and medicinal purposes. The major objective of the present work was the analysis of the nutritional status of wood apple fruit pulp.The fruits are rich in total carbohydrates (24.74 ± 0.19%), total proteins (9.30 ± 0.16%), oil (0.99 ± 0.01%), fiber (3.32 ± 0.02%), and ash (2.73 ± 0.12%). Further analysis and quantification of free sugars, organic acids, and fatty acid methyl esters were carried out by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatographic (GC) methods. In total, five sugars and nine organic acids were detected and quantified. The predominant sugars were fructose (16.40 ± 0.23%) and glucose (14.23 ± 0.10%), whereas the predominant organic acids were D-tartaric (4.01 ± 0.03%), ascorbic (4.51 ± 0.05%), and citric acid (4.27 ± 0.04%). The oil content of fruit pulp was 0.99 ± 0.01% and GC-MS analysis revealed that, it comprise of 16 fatty acid methyl esters. The percentage of saturated fatty acids were 32.17 ± 0.35%, that includes palmitic (18.52 ± 0.12%) and stearic acids (9.02 ± 0.08%), whereas, the unsaturated fatty acids were 51.98 ± 0.94%, including oleic acid (23.89 ± 0.06%), α-linolenic acid (16.55 ± 0.26%), linoleic acid (10.02 ± 0.43%), and vaccenic acid (1.78 ± 0.23%).

Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Metanol Kulit Buah Kawista (Limonia acidissima) terhadap Shigella dysenteriae dan Salmonella thypi

Shigella dysenteriae dan Salmonella thypi merupakan bakteri yang dapat menyebabkan infeksi pada saluran cerna. Kawista banyak ditemui di Indonesia dan dapat dijadikan terapi alternatif untuk mengatasi diare. Kandungan kimia yang terdapat pada kulit buah kawista diduga dapat berkhasiat sebagai antibakteri. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak kulit buah kawista (Limonia acidissima) terhadap bakteri Shigella dysenteriae dan Salmonella thypi. Tahap penelitian diawali dengan proses ekstrasi kulit buah kawista melalui metode maserasi, menggunakan pelarut metanol. Selanjutnya, dilakukan penapisan fitokimia dan pengujian aktivitas antibakteri. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak kulit buah kawista menggunakan metode difusi cakram dalam berbagai konsentrasi, yaitu 5%, 10%, 20%, 40% dan 80% ekstrak. Uji aktivitas antibakteri diukur berdasarkan diameter daerah hambat (DDH) yang dihasilkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi konsentrasi ekstrak kulit buah kawista, semakin kuat aktivitas antibakteri yang diberikan. Pada konsentrasi 5%, rata-rata DDH untuk bakteri Shigella dysenteriae dan Salmonella thypi masing-masing adalah 7,91 mm dan 7,73 mm. Pada konsentrasi 80%, ekstrak memiliki aktivitas antibakteri yang paling kuat dengan rata-rata DDH 21,42 mm pada Shigella dysenteriae dan 20,93 mm pada Salmonella thypi. Ekstrak kulit buah kawista (Limonia acidissima) memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Shigella dysenteriae dan Salmonella thypi.

Diet and Nurturing Behavior of Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus Linn.) in Some Selected Habitat of Northern Odisha, India

The Asian elephant's (Elephas maximus) nurturing behavior with food fondness was deliberate in Northern land of Odisha during February 2017 to December 2019.The foremost objective of the existing survey is to document the forage plant species intake by Asian elephants. Though the respective study area harbors a noble quantity of plant types, only 146 species were identified as fodder plants which have been consumed by elephants in this survey period. The food path of elephant was identified as branch flouting, bark flaking, twig infringement, flower tugging and stem twisting and uprooting in different regions of study area throughout altered seasons. Adaptation of principally browsing strategy with that of grazing around the year was related to seasonal variation of diet plants as per the availability. This survey elucidates that total 146 species of forest plants belongs to 55 Families and 19 species of non-forest plant belongs to 8 Families. The extensive consumable plant species by elephants i.e. Aegle marmelos (Bel), Careya arbore (Kumbhi), Bauhinia racemosa, Kydia calycina, Bauhinia vahli(Siali), Helicteres isora(Orola), Madhuca indica (Mahulo), Zizyphus mauritiona (BaraKoli), Artocarpus heterophyllus (Panasa), Shorea robust(Sal),Limonia acidissima (Kendu), Smilax zeylanica (Muturi) and Diosporea species. They were affectionate fruits of Mangifera indica and Artocarpus heterophyllus in summer, bamboo during rainy and Madhuca indica during winter. Minuscular analysis of elephant’s dung showing an extraordinary variation in typical dicot- monocot proportion recommended that the food plant collection of elephant was extremely seasonal and unscrupulous.