scholarly journals Diet and Nurturing Behavior of Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus Linn.) in Some Selected Habitat of Northern Odisha, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 232-241
Author(s):  
Biswajeet Panda ◽  
Bhaskar Behera
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Elephas Maximus ◽  
Survey Period ◽  
Artocarpus Heterophyllus ◽  
Fodder Plants ◽  
Helicteres Isora ◽  
Plant Collection ◽  
Forest Plants ◽  
Limonia Acidissima

The Asian elephant's (Elephas maximus) nurturing behavior with food fondness was deliberate in Northern land of Odisha during February 2017 to December 2019.The foremost objective of the existing survey is to document the forage plant species intake by Asian elephants. Though the respective study area harbors a noble quantity of plant types, only 146 species were identified as fodder plants which have been consumed by elephants in this survey period. The food path of elephant was identified as branch flouting, bark flaking, twig infringement, flower tugging and stem twisting and uprooting in different regions of study area throughout altered seasons. Adaptation of principally browsing strategy with that of grazing around the year was related to seasonal variation of diet plants as per the availability. This survey elucidates that total 146 species of forest plants belongs to 55 Families and 19 species of non-forest plant belongs to 8 Families. The extensive consumable plant species by elephants i.e. Aegle marmelos (Bel), Careya arbore (Kumbhi), Bauhinia racemosa, Kydia calycina, Bauhinia vahli(Siali), Helicteres isora(Orola), Madhuca indica (Mahulo), Zizyphus mauritiona (BaraKoli), Artocarpus heterophyllus (Panasa), Shorea robust(Sal),Limonia acidissima (Kendu), Smilax zeylanica (Muturi) and Diosporea species. They were affectionate fruits of Mangifera indica and Artocarpus heterophyllus in summer, bamboo during rainy and Madhuca indica during winter. Minuscular analysis of elephant’s dung showing an extraordinary variation in typical dicot- monocot proportion recommended that the food plant collection of elephant was extremely seasonal and unscrupulous.

MOSAICITY OF THE VEGETATION COVER OF THE KOCHUBEY BIOSPHERE STATION PASTURES

1970 ◽  
pp. 40-42
Author(s):  
М. А. Babaeva ◽  
S. V. Osipova
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Fodder Plants ◽  
Falcaria Vulgaris

The regularities of changes in the resistance of different groups of fodder plants to adverse conditions were studied. This is due to the physiological properties that allow them to overcome the harmful effects of the environment. As a result of research species - plant groups with great adaptive potential to the harsh continental semi-desert conditions were identified. Monitoring observation and experimental studies showed too thin vegetation cover as a mosaic, consisting of perennial xerophytic herbs and semishrubs, sod grasses, saltwort and wormwood, as well as ephemera and ephemeroids under the same environmental conditions, depending on various climatic and anthropogenic factors. This is due to the inability or instability of plant species to aggressive living environment. It results in horizontal heterogeneity of the grass stand, division into smaller structures, and mosaic in the vegetation cover of the Kochubey biosphere station. The relative resistance to moderate stress was identified in the following species from fodder plants Agropyron cristatum, A. desertorum, Festuca valesiaca, Cynodon dactylon, Avena fatua; as for strong increasing their abundance these are poorly eaten plant species Artemisia taurica, Atriplex tatarica, Falcaria vulgaris, Veronica arvensis, Arabidopsis thaliana and other. On the site with an increasing pressure in the herbage of phytocenoses the number of xerophytes of ruderal species increases and the spatial structure of the vegetation cover is simplified. In plant communities indigenous species are replaced by adventive plant species. The mosaic of the plant cover of phytocenoses arises due to the uneven distribution in the space of environmental formation, i.e. an edificatory: Salsola orientalis, S. dendroides, Avena fatua, Cynodon dactylon, Artemisia taurica, A. lercheanum, Xanthium spinosum, Carex pachystyli, under which the remaining components of the community adapt. Based on the phytocenotic indicators of pasture phytocenoses it can be concluded that the vegetation cover is in the stage of ecological stress and a decrease in the share of fodder crops and an increase in the number of herbs indicates this fact.

scholarly journals Seasonal food habits of the four-horned antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis de Blainville, 1816) in tropical deciduous forests of Aravalli mountain range, Rajasthan, Western India

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramchandra Meghwal ◽  
Chhaya Bhatnagar ◽  
Vijay Kumar Koli
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Habitat Management ◽  
Fleshy Fruit ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Western India ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Local Pressure ◽  
Dendrocalamus Strictus ◽  
Helicteres Isora

Abstract Background Feeding strategies assessment of endangered species during food limited seasons is important in order to understand their niche and advise effective habitat management steps. We assessed the four-horned antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis) seasonal diet from April 2014 to March 2015, in three wildlife sanctuaries in western India, namely, Sitamata, Kumbhalgarh, and Phulwari-ki-nal Wildlife Sanctuaries. Opportunistic focal animal sampling method was used in five 1 km paths in each sanctuary to take feeding observations. Each transect was walked three times a day (morning 06:00-10:00 h; mid-day 10:00-14:00 h; evening 15:00-18:00 h), 1 day a month, during 12 months, with a total of 540 surveys divided between 15 paths. The diet data was categorized into different plant categories. Results A total of 532 feeding records from 85 animal sightings were noted with a mean (± SD) of 14.78 ± 10.04 feeding records/month. Feeding was observed on 63 plant species belonging to 23 families. The highest feeding records noted were on trees (60.91%) in the diet followed by shrubs (20.49%), grasses (16.92%), forbs (1.50%), and climbers (0.18%) respectively. Most of the plant species consumed were from Fabaceae (n = 17) and Poaceae (n = 12) families. The overall browse-grass ratio was 83.08-16.92% (88.02-11.98% for Sitamata WLS; 82.11-17.89% for Kumbhalgarh WLS; 79.10-20.90% for Phulwari-ki-nal WLS). Leaves were the most consumed part of the plants (64.10%), followed by dry fruit (16.55%), fleshy fruit (13.34%), flowers (2.82%), buds (2.06%), and twigs (1.13%) respectively. Use of fleshy fruits, dry fruits, and trees showed significant seasonal dietary difference (P < 0.05) in all three sanctuaries. Conclusions Tetracerus quadricornis was found to consume more browse species than grasses. We recommend conservation and promotion of natural plant regeneration, in particular for the plant species that were the most consumed by four-horned antelope, namely, Aristida adscensionis, Dendrocalamus strictus, Dichrostachys cinerea, Acacia leucophloea, Butea monosperma, Helicteres isora, Ziziphus nummularia, and Ziziphus xylopyrus. Conservation of grassland patches, minimizing local pressure, and planning, construction, and maintenance of fire lines prior to timing of forest fires would help to protected T. quadricornis habitat in all three sanctuaries.

scholarly journals Short Communication: The fruit plant species diversity in the home gardens and their contribution to the livelihood of communities in rural area

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elfrida ELFRIDA ◽  
Albian Mubarak ◽  
Adi Bejo Suwardi
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Plant Species Diversity ◽  
Home Gardens ◽  
Improve Food Security

Abstract. Elfrida, Mubarak A, Suwardi AB. 2020. Short Communication: The fruit plant species diversity in the home gardens and their contribution to the livelihood of rural communities in Tenggulun Sub-district, Aceh Tamiang, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3670-3675. Home gardens have a significant potential to improve food security and offer a contribution to household income for communities in rural areas. The aim of this study was to assess the diversity of fruit plant species in the home gardens and their contribution to the livelihood of rural communities in Tenggulun Sub-district, Indonesia. The study was conducted in three villages of Tenggulun Sub-district, Aceh Tamiang District, namely Tenggulun, Selamat, and Simpang Kiri. Extensive field surveys, plant collections, and interviews with local communities were conducted, involving 350 households, using random sampling methods. A total of 39 fruit plant species consisting of 23 genera and 17 families were recorded at the three villages. Sixteen species, i.e., A. muricata, A. jiringa, Artocarpus integer, Averrhoa bilimbi, Baccaurea motleyana, Carica papaya, Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus hystrix, Garcinia mangostana, Mangifera indica, Manilkara zapota, Musa x paradisiaca, Nephelium lappaceum, Psidium guajava, Spondias pinnata, and Syzygium aqueum were the most frequently recorded in all of the villages. In addition to being used as food, the fruit plants in the study area were also used as medicines, fodder, fuelwood, and household items. The fruit plant species have a significant role in supporting household livelihoods to improve food security and potentially offer a household income for the rural community in the study area.

scholarly journals Short Communication: Identification and evaluation of bioactivity in forest plants used for medicinal purposes by the Kutai community of East Kalimantan, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
ABDUL RASYID ZARTA ◽  
WIWIN SUWINARTI ◽  
FARIDA ARIYANI ◽  
IRAWAN WIJAYA KUSUMA ◽  
ENOS TANGKE ARUNG
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Bacterial Activity ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
Forest Plants

Zarta AR, Ariyani F, Suwinarti W, Kusuma IW, Arung ET. 2018. Short Communication: Identification and evaluation of bioactivity in forest plants used for medicinal purposes by the Kutai community of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 253- 259. The Indonesian forest is one of the most species-rich ecosystems in the world. Within such forests are plant species with secondary metabolites that have novel molecular structure and diverse biological activity with excellent potential to be used medicinally in prevention and cure of various diseases afflicting humans. Plant materials often contain various forms of antioxidants. Phenolic compounds found in plants have many biological effects. Flavonoids and other phenolics play a protective role against metabolic damage caused by disease and environmental stressors. The communities of Kutai Kartanegara in East Kalimantan Indonesia are representative of many traditional peoples who have evolved ways of treating human ailment and disease by use of specific plants sourced from their forests. The purpose of the research described in this paper was to identify significant medicinal plant species used by the Kutai ethnic community and to prepare extracts from these plants, mainly from the leaves, and to evaluate the extracts for bioactivity; namely by general identification of secondary metabolites, and by estimation of their antioxidant activity, toxicity, and antibacterial activity. Samples of ten plant species, used medicinally by the Kutai community, were extracted using ethanol solvent. Assay of antioxidant activity was carried out by the spectrophotometric method using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical) as the control. The degree of toxicity of the extracts was determined by the BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) while anti-bacterial activity was evaluated using an in vitro assay of growth inhibition of cultures of the bacterium Escherichia coli. The result showed that nine of the plant species had strong antioxidant activity (IC50); extracts of two of the species were very toxic, while one other was toxic; and at least eight of the species had extracts that exhibited anti-bacterial activity. The phytochemical compounds identified in several of the ten species included flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids, and alkaloids.

Survey of Medicinal Plants Used in the Management of Sickle Cell Disease by Traditional Medical Practitioners of Gbonyin Local Government Area of Ekiti State, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 78-84
Author(s):  
TI Famojuro ◽  
JO Moody
Keyword(s):  
Sickle Cell Disease ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Cell Disease ◽  
Ethnobotanical Survey

Ethnobotanical survey was conducted on plants used traditionally for the management of sickle cell disease (SCD) in Gbonyin Local Government Area (LGA) of Ekiti State, South Western Nigeria. The study was conducted to document some of the medicinal plants used in the management of SCD with the aim of identifying possible drug leads from the phytomedicine of the area. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on the use of herbal remedies for the management of SCD. A total of 32 respondents were interviewed in this study. twenty of them were males while twelve were females with the age range of 25 to 70 years. A total of 44 plant species belonging to 44 genera and 30 families were identified to be useful for the management of SCD. The most prominent among these plant families (genera) are Anacardiaceae (Anacardium occidentalis, Mangifera indica, Spondias mombin), Euphorbiaceae (Croton lobatus, Jatropha gossypifolia, Plukeneta conophora) and Fabaceae (Cajanus cajan, Pterocarpus osun, Cassia siamea) with three species each. Eighty percent (80%) of the 32 respondents interviewed said that their clients did not report any side effect and that the herbs were either collected from the forest (where available) or purchased from the herb markets. In all, the commonest plant species among the recipes given by the respondents according to their Use Mention Index (UMI) include: Elaeis guineense Jacq., Arecaceae (0.124); Khaya grandifoliola C.DC., Meliaceae (0.094); Carica papaya L., Caricaceae(0.094); Hymenocardia acida Tul., Phyllanthaceae (0.094); Mangifera indica L., Anacardiaceae (0.094); Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock, Asclepiadaceae (0.094) and Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich., Annonaceae (0.094).The main method of preparation is by decoction and in most cases, the preparation is taken orally twice to thrice daily. All the plants identified in this work have been used by most of the herbalists and adjudged to be efficacious in SCD management. The study concluded that the medicinal folklore of the Ekiti State LGA covered by this survey indicated high potential for drug discovery for the management of sickle cell disease.Keywords: Ethnobotany, Sickle Cell Disease, Traditional Medicine, Gbonyin LGA, Medicinal Plants

The Nyárády Erazmus Gyula’s Herbarium in the Debrecen University’s Plant Collection

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
Katalin Bartók ◽  
Attila Takács
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
School Teacher ◽  
Secondary School Teacher ◽  
High Mountains ◽  
Moss Species ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Plant Collection

Abstract After the publication of the book entitled “Recollection of Gyula E. Nyárády” (2016), the interest of his inheritance increased significantly. His left behind herbarium was estimated to have 55,000 sheets (1988), while till 2016 its number increased up to 85,000. The herbarial investigations are taking place over the Romania’s borders too, such as in the plant collection of the Debrecen University. With this occasion, we have studied the part collections of Rezső Soó (40,000 specimens), the Zoltán Siroki’s (20,000 specimens), together with the kryptogame (3,000 bryophytes) ones. In the Debrecen University plant collection we found 166 plant species collected and determined by E. Gy. Nyárády, among them 154 are superior plant and 12 are moss. In the Soó collection 112 plants arose from E. Gy. Nyárády, 69% of them are from Slovakia, 29% from Romania and 1% from Poland. The Slovakian collections took place in the 1905-1916 period, the most of them (34 species) are from 1910, being collected in Késmárk and Tatra’s region, where E. Gy. Nyárády was secondary school teacher. The Romanian collections took place in the 1905-1942 period, the 33 species mainly arise from the high mountains (especially Rodna Mountains), as well as from the Transylvanian Plain. We have found three endemic species among them: Festuca carpathica Dietr., Koeleria transsilvanica Schur (syn. Koeleria macracantha ssp. transsilvanica (Schur) A. Nyár., and Thymus pulcherrimus Schur. In the Siroki collection there are 42 plant sheets, originated from Slovakia, from 1908-1913 period. The four Romanian plants came from the Rodna Mountains. The Kryptogam Herbarium contains 12 Romanian moss species, collected between 1925 and 1929, most of them being from Székelyudvarhely (Odorheiu Secuiesc). The genus Carex occurs most frequently in the Nyárády-collection, due to his increased interest to sedges, forming 39% of the studied species. In accordance with the labels, in his collecting trips he was occasionally accompanied by Béla Husz (1911, Szepes) and Ádám Boros (1929, Korond).

Evidence for seed dispersal by the catfish Auchenipterichthys longimanus in an Amazonian lake

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Mannheimer ◽  
Gabriela Bevilacqua ◽  
Érica P. Caramaschi ◽  
Fábio Rubio Scarano
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Forest Community ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Flood Season ◽  
Flooded Forests ◽  
Flood Pulses ◽  
Fallen Fruit ◽  
Forest Plants ◽  
Amazonian Lake

The annual flood pulses of central Amazonian rivers inundate marginal forests to 10 m depth or more (Furch & Otto 1987, Junk et al. 1989). The regularity of this flooding seems to have promoted the development of a complex relationship between forest plants and fishes that consume their seeds (Goulding 1980). Several fish species migrate into the flooded forests to feed on buoyant fruits and seeds, and many plant species reach their fruiting peak during the flood season. Fruits and seeds have been reported to have adaptive features related to water (hydrochory) and/or fish (ichthyochory) dispersal (Araújo-Lima & Goulding 1998, Gottsberger 1978, Goulding 1980, Kubitzki & Ziburski 1994, Scarano 1998, Williamson 1999, Williamson & Costa 2000). Strong multicuspidate teeth in frugivorous fishes, fruit/seed buoyancy (Goulding 1980) and chemical signs released by fallen fruit to attract fish (Araújo-Lima & Goulding 1998) are mechanisms for the seed dispersal of the flooded forest community.

scholarly journals Analysis of the feeding habits of the swallow-tailed hummingbird, Eupetomena macroura (Gmelin, 1788), in an urban park in southeastern Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
MCB. Toledo ◽  
DM. Moreira
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Food Resources ◽  
Plant Part ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Urban Park ◽  
Territorial Defense ◽  
The City

The aim of this work was to observe and describe the feeding habits and available food resources of the swallow-tailed hummingbird, Eupetomena macroura. The study was carried out in a municipal park located in the city of Taubaté, in the state of São Paulo. The observations took place between December 2003 and October 2004, recording the following variables: 1) the plant species visited for feeding and territorial defense; 2) the kinds of food resources; and 3) the kinds of flight to procure and obtain food. E. macroura visited 12 plant species. For territorial defense, Mangifera indica was the most visited, whereas Malvaviscus arboreus was most visited for feeding. The foliage was the plant part that received the most frequent visits. In order to obtain nectar, the only species visited was M. arboreus; to obtain arthropods, the species most visited were Mangifera indica and Hymenaea stilbocarpa. In the dry season, the hummingbirds visited flowers, whereas in the rainy season they visited leaves to acquire food. The arthropod groups most frequently found on leafy branches were Homoptera and Psocoptera. Finally, the results of the type of flight analysis showed that flight used to capture food was more often observed than were flights to search for food. In conclusion, these observations suggest that E. macroura shows plasticity in feeding behavior, which can help it to persist in urban areas.

scholarly journals IDENTIFIKASI TUMBUHAN SUMBER PAKAN DAN TINGKAT PALATABILITAS KUSKUS (FAMILI PHALANGERIDAE) DI DESA LUMOLI, SERAM, MALUKU

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-30
Author(s):  
Marthinus Usmany ◽  
Pieter Kakisina
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Crude Fiber Content ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Forest Plants ◽  
The Village ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Cuscus is an Australian animal (marsupial) whose distribution is limited in Indonesia and its population is declining due to threats hunted for consumption, and traded illegally. To overcome the above problems it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive study of the type of feed in the hope of helping the conservation of these animals, especially in captivity. The purpose of this research is to study the types of plants as cuscus that live in captivity of Lumoli Village, West Seram District. This research begins with the observation of the type of kursus that lives in captivity of Lumoli Village. Study of feed type, depiction, and analysis. The results showed 44 species of plants in the village of Lumoli West Seram District, Maluku can be used as cuscus feed in captivity. Very good plant part as Source of Feed is young leaf of 28 species of plant (63,63%), 25 species (56,81%) are fruits, 4 species (9,09%) are flowers, 3 species (6,81 %) is a young shoot. The level of palatability of the cuscus indicates that the brown cuscus and white cuscus correspond to 43 plant species (97.72%) and can not be done 1 plant species (2.27%) (water apple), while the spotted cuscus and the gray magic cuscus 43 (97.72 %) plant types and unlike 1 plant species (2.27%) (Tomi-tomi). The proximate test results showed the highest ash content was available in the gray cuscus (18.95%) and the lowest in brown couscous (11.41%), the highest crude protein content in the gray cuscus (28.01%) and the lowest in white cuscus (23, 64%), crude fat content in cuscus totol (4.92%) and lowest in gray cuscus (2.93%), crude fiber content in gray cuscus (27.99%) and lowest in brown cuscus (21, 68% ). Can be concluded there are 44 types of forest plants that can be consumed either in the form of young leaves, fruit, flowers and young shoots. Further research is needed on additional types of feed for the cuscus in captivity.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Air Pollution Tolerance Index and Anticipated Performance Index of Selected Plant Species

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 239
Author(s):  
Winifred Uduak Anake ◽  
Jacinta Eigbefoh Eimanehi ◽  
Conrad Asotie Omonhinmin
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Performance Index ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Acacia Auriculiformis ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Green Belt ◽  
Pollution Tolerance ◽  
Air Pollution Tolerance Index ◽  
Anticipated Performance Index

This study reports a combination of two indices, air pollution tolerance index (APTI) and anticipated performance index (API) as viable tools for selecting suitable plants for pollution abatement program. Leaf samples of 6 plant species; Mangifera indica, Araucaria heterophylla, Elaeis guineensis, Syzygium malaccense, Acacia auriculiformis, and Chrysophyllum albidium were collected from an industrial and academic areas at Ado-Odo, Ota, Nigeria; during the dry season of January to March 2018. Biochemical parameters; leaf-pH, relative leaf water content, total chlorophyll content, and ascorbic acid content were analyzed to compute the APTI values. Combined APTI, botanical and socioeconomic indices were graded to evaluate the API of the different plant species. The APTI for the species ranged between 4.79 and 10.7, ideal for sensitive species category (APTI < 11), and the plants are classified as bio indicators of air pollution. The API indicates Mangifera indica and Syzygium malaccense (API = 4) as good performers while Chrysophyllum albidum is a moderate performer (API = 3). The three tree species were identified as suitable green belt plants and thus valuable additions to the green belt development plant list in tropical Africa.

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