Methods of improving the coordinates determining accuracy using inertial geodetic systems

The authors consider the principle of geodetic definitions using inertial systems in the absence of signals from satellite radio navigation systems and insufficient density of the initial geodetic base. A technique of improving the coordinates’ accuracy determining using inertial geodetic systems is proposed. Compensation of these systems’ errors is performed through joint equalization of data received from the inertial system, gyrotheodolite and rangefinder. In order to test the methodology, a mathematical model of the ground object movement with an inertial geodetic system was compiled. The simulation results confirm the suitability of the developed methodology. A full-scale experiment was conducted to test the efficiency of the technique. Its results are consistent with those of the simulation. The analysis of the data obtained enables concluding that the developed technique provides an increase in the accuracy of determining coordinates using inertial geodetic systems in the absence or distortion of signals from satellite radio navigation systems and insufficient density of the initial geodetic base. That is why it can be used in operational geodetic training under conditions of autonomy.

The meaning of an infinitely great velocity

An instantaneous velocity where a moment of the clock only corresponds to an arbitrary distance or position in space cannot be implied in Axiom 1, but it indicates that there is only one dimensional existence, space or time, where a certain moment only corresponds to itself specifically, not to any other time or any given length of space. Further , a definition of velocity that consists of two dimensions representing the relationship between space and time is not valid and there is only one-dimensional space or time that is independent of each other in Axiom 1. As a result, the principle of relativity and the principle of the constant velocity of light are replaced by the principle of an inertial system and the principle of universal invariant velocity in Axiom 1. Unlike two dimensions whose magnitude is determined by the ratio, the magnitude of a single dimension is determined by the unit values of one dimension, which indicates that an infinitely great velocity is meaningless. Further, if the two inertial systems are infinite versus finite in Axiom 3, then this extension of the infinitely great velocity can be defined as inextensible.

Development of a contactless sensor system to support rail track geometry on-board monitoring

This paper is focused on the ongoing research, within a work package of the Shift2Rail project Assets4Rail, related to the development of an on-board contactless sensor system able to measure the wheel's transversal position in relation to the rail in order to support track geometry measurements. In particular, this research work focuses on developing a sensor system to support track geometry monitoring performed by the master system under development in other Shift2Rail projects. The aim is to develop a sensor system to detect the relative transversal position between the wheelset and the rail, suitable for the use on commercial (in-service) vehicles. In fact, a possible track geometry monitoring system alternative to the sophisticated and expensive optical/inertial systems and suitable for use on commercial vehicles, could be based on the measurement of accelerations. However, some parameters of the track geometry, such as lateral alignment, are extremely difficult to determine through the measurement of accelerations. In this case, it is necessary to find an innovative sensor system able to determine the wheel's transversal position in relation to the rail. For this reason, this project intends to focus on innovative systems that allow the detection of the wheel-track position by avoiding the optical/inertial systems already used on diagnostic trains. After a state-of-the-art overview on the potentially applicable technologies for the sensor system to be developed, a corresponding analytical tool for comparison of contactless sensors to choose the most suitable technology has been developed and two candidate technologies (stereo and thermal cameras) have been selected and assessed by means of a test platform in the facilities laboratory of VGTU (Vilnius Tech). This work will be the basis for developing a concept design of the sensor system together with a montage solution, which will be finally tested on a vehicle in real operation conditions.

The jump and stagnation of mass with speed

In the general theory of relativity the four-dimensional space-time described the accelerated motion or moves in a gravitational field of a mass body, from the perspective of integral geometry, although it is a curved Riemannian geometric space, but for any instantaneous position of the moving mass body, there is a local Flat Space of Riemannian geometric space. The local Flat Space is a Mincowski space in which the inertial coordinate system can be used in the local small area. Between the proper coordinate systems of two interacting moving masses, or between a series of follow-up proper coordinate systems experienced by a mass body moving in any way, there must be a coordinate transformation relationship similar to the traditional special theory of relativity. However, they have an important difference: In these instantaneous local inertial systems, the speed of light is no longer the constant c of vacuum, the effect of gravitational field or acceleration on the speed of light is the same as that of a medium with a dielectric constant of ε and a permeability of μ. Using the special theory of relativity with variable speed of light that the author has established can discuss relevant relativity physics issues in these instantaneous local inertial systems. This article uses the special theory of relativity with variable speed of light to infer the functional relationship between a moving mass and the change of speed. In addition to obtaining the traditional continuous increasing function relationship, a step function relationship with stepped discontinuous changes is also obtained. At the same speed, the mass can have two values, such as a ladder upgrade one level; the same mass can be matched with two different speeds, such as one step extension forward on the same step stair. From the perspective of the increase in speed, the mass is stagnant on the step platform (the speed increases, the mass does not change), and it jumps in the step up ladder (the speed does not change, the mass has a jump change). This obviously incorporates the main image of quantum theory into the theory of relativity, which is the result that all physics researchers care about and expect.

The meaning of an infinitely great velocity

An instantaneous velocity where clock at a moment only correponds to any arbitrary distance or position of space can not be indicated in axiom 1, but it indicates that there is only one dimensional existence,space or time, where a certain moment of clock only corresponds to a specific given length of space,not to any other distance.Further,each quantity of space and time correponds only to itself. Instead of Relavity, A velocity definition that consists of two dimensions representing relationship between space and time is not valid and there is only one dimensional space or time that is independent each other in axiom 1 .As an result,the principle of relativity and Principle of constant velocity of light are replaced by the principle of inertial system of axiom 1 and principle of universal invariant velocity of axiom 1. Unlike two dimensions whose magnutide is determined by the ratio,the magnutide of single dimension is determined by the unit values of one dimension,which indicates that an infinitely great velocity is meaningless,instead of ,there is only infinitely great space of one dimension and infinitely long time of one dimension. Further,The extensions of finite quantities of two inertial system in axiom 3 must only stay in the finite range,and do not reach infinite distance. If two such inertial systems are infinite versus finite,then it is known from axiom 3 that the change of direction means infinite great and this extension of infinite great can be defined to be inextensible.

Derivation of Generalized Einstein's Equations of Gravitation in Inertial Systems Based on a Sink Flow Model of Particles

J. C. Maxwell, B. Riemann and H. Poincar$\acute{e}$ have proposed the idea that all microscopic particles are sink flows in a fluidic aether. Following this research program, a previous theory of gravitation based on a mechanical model of vacuum and a sink flow model of particles is generalized by methods of special relativistic continuum mechanics. In inertial reference frames, we construct a tensorial potential which satisfies the wave equation. Inspired by the equation of motion of a test particle, a definition of a metric tensor of a Riemannian spacetime is introduced. Applying Fock's theorem, generalized Einstein's equations in inertial systems are derived based on some assumptions. These equations reduce to Einstein's equations in case of weak field in harmonic reference frames. There exist some differences between this theory and Einstein's theory of general relativity.

A new Lorentz violating model with particle’s "maximum energy"

In this paper we re-investigated the relationship between the symmetry of inertial systems and the Lorentz transformation. We found that when we just follow the following three principles: (1)we can define the time in the whole space with a prescribed clock synchronization, (2)the time-space is uniform and the space is isotropic and (3)all the inertial systems are equivalent, then we can totally construct a general coordinate transformation to meet the symmetry of inertial systems, and with a special assumption on the speed of light, we can construct a non-Lorentz transformation between inertial systems to make the particle’s energy have a limited value, which is similar to the rainbow model.Similar to the usual Lorentz violating models, the non-Lorentz transformation in this paper lead to a new modified disperse relation. We applied the obtained disperse relation to analyze the photon’s arrival time lag effect in astronomy and found that the "maximum energy" derived in our model is somewhat related to the "maximum energy" assumed in the rainbow model.