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2021 ◽  
Vol 2064 (1) ◽  
pp. 012047
Author(s):  
P V Tretnikov ◽  
N V Gavrilov ◽  
A S Kamenetskikh ◽  
S V Krivoshapko ◽  
A V Chukin

Abstract The deposition of Al2O3 coating with a corundum structure was done by anodic evaporation in a low-pressure arc with a self-heated hollow cathode. The conditions were created for increasing the energy of plasma electrons and a corresponding increase in the frequency of O2 dissociation by contraction of the discharge in the anode region. The discharge was maintained in a combined mode with a constant current (70 – 100 A), on which current pulses (100 μs, 1 kHz) with adjustable amplitude (up to 220 A) were superimposed. This mode ensured a change in the degree of O2 dissociation in the range of 0.3 – 0.5 at constant average discharge current and Al evaporation rate. It is shown that an increase in the degree of O2 dissociation leads to an increase in the rate of coating deposition by a factor of 1.3 and promotion of the preferred (300) orientation of crystallites. The effect is due to the features of the adsorption of molecular and atomic oxygen on the Al2O3.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZiJing Guo ◽  
ZhiChao Wang ◽  
KeXin Ma ◽  
Baozhu Ding ◽  
GuoPing Ma ◽  
...  

Abstract BackgroundThe main purpose is to establish an ideal arrhythmia model with isoproterenol and explore its mechanism.MethodsFifty healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into the control (CON) group, subcutaneous injection (SC) group(ISO 5 mg/kg for 2 consecutive days), intraperitoneal injection (IP) group (ISO 5 mg/kg for 2 consecutive days), 2+1 group (ISO 5mg/kg by SC for 2 consecutive days, then ISO 3mg /kg by IP for 1 day), 6+1 group ( ISO 5mg/kg by SC for 6 consecutive days, then ISO 3mg /kg by IP for 1 day).The ECG were recorded by BL-420F system. The pathological changes in myocardial tissue were observed by HE and Masson staining. The serum cTnI, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β levels were detected by ELISA. Serum CK, LDH and oxidative stress-related indicators were detected by an automatic biochemical analyser. ResultsThe cardiomyocytes in the CON group rats were normal, while those in the other groups showed signs of disorder, unclear borders, and lysis and necrosis, especially in the 6+1 group. The incidence of arrhythmia, arrhythmia score, and the levels of serum myocardial enzymes, troponin, and some inflammatory factors in the 2+1 group and 6+1 group were higher than those in the single injection way (P<0.01 or P<0.05). The indicators in the 6+1 group were mostly higher than those in the 2+1 group (P<0.01), and the SOD level in the 6+1 group was lower than that in the CON group; the MDA and NO higher(P<0.01 or P<0.05). ConclusionThe combined mode of ISO injection (SC with IP) is more likely to induce arrhythmia than single ISO injection. The "6+1" method of ISO injection can establish a more stable arrhythmia model. Cardiomyocyte damage induced by oxidative stress and inflammation is an important mechanism.


Transport ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-259
Author(s):  
Mariusz Brzeziński ◽  
Dariusz Pyza

Currently, many logistics operators operate in both domestic and foreign markets using various forms of transport organization. Choosing a corresponding technology and appropriate form of transport has an influence not only delivery time and costs, but also has an impact on the environment as a whole. There is a plethora of public research available in global literature discussing various ways of exploiting transport. On the other hand, there is a lack of complex studies detailing carbon emissions coming from transport activity. Specifically, where a theory of organic fuel combustion in the form of a chemical reaction with oxygen is considered. To fill this gap, we offer an innovative Emission Model of Industrial Sources (EMIS) method. This method makes it possible to determine the amount of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere during various transport methods. It also enables us to estimate, in terms of CO2 output, a threshold where transport of containers via combined mode becomes more favourable for the environment, than road transport. We ran a simulation of our algorithm to create boundary conditions. This let us prepare a regression function of CO2 emission, for intermodal and road transport as a function of various transport distances. The simulation results suggest that our approach may be used by supervisory institutions, which are responsible further developing and utilizing combined transport.


Author(s):  
E. V. Gapeenko

Precision control of hydraulic equipment is a distinctive feature of modern hydraulic systems. With the help of special diagnostic devices, it is possible to reliably and simply monitor the operation of hydraulic equipment. Diagnostic methods can be very different. The article lists the stages and methods of checking hydraulic equipment malfunctions, as well as describes the principles of operation of diagnostic devices of well‑known world manufacturers HYDAC, MOOG, used in OJSC “BSW – Management Company of the Holding “BMC”. Schematically, the connection of the MOOG tester to the production equipment is presented when checking the servo valve in autonomous and combined mode, without resorting to dismantling the valve. Continuous monitoring of the oil purity with the help of the HYDAC FCU device allowed saving time on assessing its condition and taking fast‑acting corrective measures to clean the oil from contamination.


Health of Man ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 49-53
Author(s):  
Serhii Vozianov ◽  
Mykola Sosnin ◽  
Vadym Slobodyanyuk ◽  
Andrii Sagalevich ◽  
Andrii Boyko ◽  
...  

Urolithiasis is one of the most common disease encountered in the daily practice of a urologist. Depending on the severity of the course, patients with urolithiasis and, in particular, kidney stones, are often required to have the surgical treatment. The greater problem is deemed to be staghorn nephrolithiasis and the choice of the optimal surgical technique for the elimination of kidney stones. The objective: to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the combined method of fragmentation of coral kidney stones in comparison with standard ultrasound lithotripsy. Materials and methods. A total of 352 percutaneous nephrolithotripsies (PCNL) were performed: 187 (53,1%) – patients who were diagnosed with staghorn calculi. The age of the patients ranged from 26 to 66 (mean age 42,5 years). There were 89 men and 98 women. 78 (41.7%) patients had previously undergone surgical treatment (open surgery or PCNL) of kidney stones, in which recurrent staghorn stones were subsequently identified. Nine (4,8%) patients had bilateral coral calculi. The size of the stone varied from 3,5 to 11,0 cm. Their density ranged from 300 to 1500 Hounsfield units. The most frequent complication of the underlying disease was chronic pyelonephritis – 145 (77,5%) patients. Hydronephrosis on the affected side was diagnosed in 98 (52,4%) patients. A combined pneumatic and ultrasonic lithotripter ShockPulse-SE from Olympus (Japan) was used for breaking kidney stones. We performed PCNL in a combined mode in 41 (21,9%) patients with staghorn nephrolithiasis. Results. In the group of patients using combined pneumatic and ultrasonic lithotripsy, complete removal of the staghorn calculus was achieved in 97,6% of cases (in 40 of 41 patients), whereas in the opposite group, using an ultrasonic lithotripter only in 84,9% (in 124 of 146 patients). The duration of the PCNL operation using the ShockPulse-SE device was from 35 to 130 minutes, on average – 48±5 minutes. The duration of the surgical intervention using an ultrasound lithotripter is from 90 to 180 minutes, an average –105±7 minutes. Blood loss during PCNL using an ultrasonic lithotripter was 200–400 ml, whereas with the ShockPulse-SE apparatus – 100–200 ml. An exacerbation of pyelonephritis was noted in 7 patients (in two patients after PCNL in a combined mode and in five after PCNL using an ultrasonic lithotripter). The mean length of patient hospitalization after surgery ranged from 4 to 10 days. At the same time, the average duration after PCNL using the combined ShockPulse-SE technique was 4±1 days, while after PCNL using an ultrasonic lithotripter it was 6±1 days. Conclusions. The combined technique of lithotripsy with a combined probe for simultaneous pneumatic and ultrasound lithotripsy has shown better results in terms of safety and efficacy compared to using only an ultrasound lithotripter. Used for decades, ultrasound lithotripsy for staghorn stone PCNL is both effective and safe moreover it’s a traditional technique. Thus, in comparison with ultrasound lithotripsy, the combined technique showed a shorter operation time, with less blood loss, a shorter length of patient hospitalization and less pyelonephritis in the postoperative period, as a result of maintaining a lower intrarenal pressure gradient during the operation. At the same time, the cost of the procedure using a combined probe was estimated, which turned out to be higher than traditional ultrasound lithotripsy. The use of combined lithotripsy with simultaneous aspiration of stone fragments is an indisputable advantage of this kind of PCNL in patients with staghorn nephrolithiasis, which brings the effectiveness of this technique closer to 100%.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 17-25
Author(s):  
Е.Г. Базулин ◽  
А.Х. Вопилкин ◽  
Д.С. Тихонов

The TOFD method, which is widely used in ultrasonic flaw detection, makes it possible to distinguish a crack from a volume reflector by the phase of the echo signals and to determine its height with high accuracy. However, the TOFD method without scanning the piezoelectric transducers across the weld joint does not allow to determine the displacement of the reflector from the center of the welded joint, which is very important when evaluating the results of the control. The scanning devices used for this purpose have a complex design, their price is higher than that of one-dimensional scanning devices, and, most importantly, the control time increases significantly. If the echo signals reflected from the bottom of the object of control are used, taking into account the change in the wave type, then a combined image of the reflector can be obtained from a set of partial images recovered by the digital focusing antenna (DFA) method. If we use the echo signals measured in the combined mode for each piezoelectric converter, we can estimate the displacement of the reflector across the welded joint with an accuracy of ±1.5 mm. Numerical and model experiments have confirmed the efficiency of the proposed approach.


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