scholarly journals CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION FROM DIESEL ENGINE VEHICLES IN INTERMODAL TRANSPORT

Transport ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-259
Author(s):  
Mariusz Brzeziński ◽  
Dariusz Pyza
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Regression Function ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Delivery Time ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Global Literature ◽  
Transport Organization ◽  
Co2 Output ◽  
Combined Mode

Currently, many logistics operators operate in both domestic and foreign markets using various forms of transport organization. Choosing a corresponding technology and appropriate form of transport has an influence not only delivery time and costs, but also has an impact on the environment as a whole. There is a plethora of public research available in global literature discussing various ways of exploiting transport. On the other hand, there is a lack of complex studies detailing carbon emissions coming from transport activity. Specifically, where a theory of organic fuel combustion in the form of a chemical reaction with oxygen is considered. To fill this gap, we offer an innovative Emission Model of Industrial Sources (EMIS) method. This method makes it possible to determine the amount of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere during various transport methods. It also enables us to estimate, in terms of CO2 output, a threshold where transport of containers via combined mode becomes more favourable for the environment, than road transport. We ran a simulation of our algorithm to create boundary conditions. This let us prepare a regression function of CO2 emission, for intermodal and road transport as a function of various transport distances. The simulation results suggest that our approach may be used by supervisory institutions, which are responsible further developing and utilizing combined transport.

scholarly journals Thermodynamic Study of Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emission in Ironmaking Process of the Reduction of Iron Oxides by Carbon

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1999
Author(s):  
Guanyong Sun ◽  
Bin Li ◽  
Hanjie Guo ◽  
Wensheng Yang ◽  
Shaoying Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Reduction Reactions ◽  
Co2 Output ◽  
Coupling Parameters ◽  
Ironmaking Process

Carbon included in coke and coal was used as a reduction agent and fuel in blast furnace (BF) ironmaking processes, which released large quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2). Minimizing the carbon consumption and CO2 output has always the goal of ironmaking research. In this paper, the reduction reactions of iron oxides by carbon, the gasification reaction of carbon by CO2, and the coupling reactions were studied by thermodynamic functions, which were derived from isobaric specific heat capacity. The reaction enthalpy at 298 K could not represent the heat value at the other reaction temperature, so the certain temperature should be confirmed by Gibbs frees energy and gas partial pressure. Based on Hess’ law, the energy consumption of the ironmaking process by carbon was calculated in detail. The decrease in the reduction temperature of solid metal iron has been beneficial in reducing the sensible heat required. When the volume ratio of CO to CO2 in the top gas of the furnace was given as 1.1–1.5, the coupling parameters of carbon gasification were 1.06–1.28 for Fe2O3, 0.71–0.85 for Fe3O4, 0.35–0.43 for FeO, respectively. With the increase in the coupling parameters, the volume fraction of CO2 decreased, and energy consumption and CO2 output increased. The minimum energy consumption and CO2 output of liquid iron production were in the reduction reactions with only CO2 generated, which were 9.952 GJ/t and 1265.854 kg/t from Fe2O3, 9.761 GJ/t and 1226.799 kg/t from Fe3O4, 9.007 GJ/t and 1107.368 kg/t from FeO, respectively. Compared with the current energy consumption of 11.65 GJ/t hot metal (HM) and CO2 output of 1650 kg/tHM of BF, the energy consumption and CO2 of ironmaking by carbon could reach lower levels by decreasing the coupled gasification reactions, lowering the temperature needed to generate solid Fe and adjusting the iron oxides to improve the iron content in the raw material. This article provides a simplified calculation method to understand the limit of energy consumption and CO2 output of ironmaking by carbon reduction iron oxides.

scholarly journals MODELLING OF FREIGHT FLOWS DISTRIBUTION AT THE TRANSPORT TERMINAL

Transport ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adolfas Baublys
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Topological Structure ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Delivery Time ◽  
Structural System ◽  
Regional System ◽  
Time Limitations ◽  
System Characteristics

The task model has been formulated for users of freight flows at a distribution transport terminal, which enables gauging vehicles possibilities (dimensions, carrying capacity), delivery time limitations, resources of vehicle time and general costs. The synthesis of the topological structure of the freight road transport regional system has been performed. It enables the evaluation of an impact on the functioning of the system exercised by various structural system characteristics, thus improving the quality of project solutions at the stage of synthesis of the system structure.

scholarly journals Russia's black carbon emissions: focus on diesel sources

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (17) ◽  
pp. 11267-11281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazar Kholod ◽  
Meredydd Evans ◽  
Teresa Kuklinski
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Diesel Emissions ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Road Vehicles ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Diesel Vehicles ◽  
Model Computer

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) is a significant climate forcer with a particularly pronounced forcing effect in polar regions such as the Russian Arctic. Diesel combustion is a major global source of BC emissions, accounting for 25–30 % of all BC emissions. While the demand for diesel is growing in Russia, the country's diesel emissions are poorly understood. This paper presents a detailed inventory of Russian BC emissions from diesel sources. Drawing on a complete Russian vehicle registry with detailed information about vehicle types and emission standards, this paper analyzes BC emissions from diesel on-road vehicles. We use the COPERT emission model (COmputer Programme to calculate Emissions from Road Transport) with Russia-specific emission factors for all types of on-road vehicles. On-road diesel vehicles emitted 21 Gg of BC in 2014: heavy-duty trucks account for 60 % of the on-road BC emissions, while cars represent only 5 % (light commercial vehicles and buses account for the remainder). Using Russian activity data and fuel-based emission factors, the paper also presents BC emissions from diesel locomotives and ships, off-road engines in industry, construction and agriculture, and generators. The study also factors in the role of superemitters in BC emissions from diesel on-road vehicles and off-road sources. The total emissions from diesel sources in Russia are estimated to be 49 Gg of BC and 17 Gg of organic carbon (OC) in 2014. Off-road diesel sources emitted 58 % of all diesel BC in Russia.

Transport Optimization and Estimation of Reduced CO2 Emissions

2016 ◽  
pp. 405-436
Author(s):  
Dejan Dragan ◽  
Tomaž Kramberger ◽  
Klemen Prah
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
School Bus ◽  
Routing Problem ◽  
The Road ◽  
Alternative Technologies ◽  
Bus Routing ◽  
Applied Optimization

The chapter deals with the road transport optimization and estimation of reduced CO2 emissions. To reduce the latter, several approaches were adopted, like alternative technologies, sustainable community changes, and changes in driving behavior. Another possible approach is to reduce the vehicle miles of traveled (VMT) by the means of transport optimization. In this chapter, the heuristic optimization approach for VMT reduction is firstly presented and tested for the case of School Bus Routing Problem. Afterwards, main focus is dedicated to the models for estimation of reduced CO2 emissions. Herein, MEET emission model is integrated into the Monte Carlo based scenario playing algorithm, which calculates the total CO2 emissions in the dependence of the randomly independently changing average speeds of the vehicles of the driving fleet. This algorithm is applied to the optimized situation, and the calculated results are compared with the unoptimized case. Results show that the applied optimization concept can significantly reduce the CO2 emissions compared to unoptimized conditions.

scholarly journals Urbanization and climate change: the role of road transport in carbon dioxide emission in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 536
Author(s):  
S.U. Usman ◽  
A.I. Abdulhamid ◽  
S Gwadabe ◽  
A.K. Usman ◽  
B Isah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Road Transport

scholarly journals Real World Vehicle Emission Factors for Black Carbon Derived from Longterm In-Situ Measurements and Inverse Modelling

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Anne Wiesner ◽  
Sascha Pfeifer ◽  
Maik Merkel ◽  
Thomas Tuch ◽  
Kay Weinhold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Real World ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Urban Pollution ◽  
Pollutant Dispersion ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Climate Modelling ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Local Conditions

Black carbon (BC) is one of the most harmful substances within traffic emissions, contributing considerably to urban pollution. Nevertheless, it is not explicitly regulated and the official laboratory derived emission factors are barely consistent with real world emissions. However, realistic emission factors (EFs) are crucial for emission, exposure, and climate modelling. A unique dataset of 10 years (2009–2018) of roadside and background measurements of equivalent black carbon (eBC) concentration made it possible to estimate real world traffic EFs and observe their change over time. The pollutant dispersion was modelled using the Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM). The EFs for eBC are derived for this specific measurement site in a narrow but densely trafficked street canyon in Leipzig, Germany. The local conditions and fleet composition can be considered as typical for an inner-city traffic scenario in a Western European city. The fleet is composed of 22% diesel and 77% petrol cars in the passenger car segment, with an unknown proportion of direct injection engines. For the mixed fleet the eBC EF was found to be 48 mg km−1 in the long-term average. Accelerated by the introduction of a low emission zone, the EFs decreased over the available time period from around 70 mg km−1 to 30–40 mg km−1. Segregation into light (<3.5 t) and heavy (>3.5 t) vehicles resulted in slightly lower estimates for the light vehicles than for the mixed fleet, and one order of magnitude higher values for the heavy vehicles. The found values are considerably higher than comparable emission standards for particulate matter and even the calculations of the Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA), which is often used as emission model input.

scholarly journals Road Transport Safety in Northern Norway: How Buyers of Road Transport Services Can Contribute to a Road Transport with fewer Accidents and Near-misses

2021 ◽  
pp. 81-102
Author(s):  
Katrine Katrine ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Near Misses ◽  
Northern Norway ◽  
Good Communication ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Transport Organization ◽  
Transport Safety

This paper contributes to filling a knowledge gap by presenting new research within the practical field of road transport. It takes the buyers of road transport services as its point of entry and seeks to answer the follow question: How can buyers of road transport services contribute to safe road transport in northern Norway? A qualitative approach was selected for this study, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with six different buyers of road transport services. By using a modified version of The Pentagon Model, different aspects were analyzed in order to identify organizational characteristics and qualities that will improve the possibility for buyers of road transport to contribute to a safer road transport in Northern Norway and thereby contribute to fewer accidents and near-misses. The following characteristics and qualities were identified: 1) the importance of developing a detailed formal contract with the provider of road transport; 2) being aware of the possibilities with new technologies; 3) understanding that the decision criteria for ordering transport can influence road transport safety; 4) seeing the importance of good communication with both the transport organization and the authorities; 5) recognizing that knowledge of and trust in a transport organization is important but could also affect judgement regarding revisions and controls. This study suggests that buyers of road transport services can contribute to a safer road transport in northern Norway by emphasizing these five characteristics and qualities.

scholarly journals HERMESv3, a stand-alone multiscale atmospheric emission modelling framework – Part 2: bottom-up module

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Guevara ◽  
Carles Tena ◽  
Manuel Porquet ◽  
Oriol Jorba ◽  
Carlos Pérez García-Pando
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Bottom Up

Abstract. We describe the bottom-up module of the High-Elective Resolution Modelling Emission System version 3 (HERMESv3), a python-based and multiscale modelling tool intended for the processing and computation of atmospheric emissions for air quality modelling. HERMESv3 is composed of two separate modules: the global_regional module and the bottom_up module. In a companion paper (Part 1, Guevara et al., 2019) we presented the global_regional module. The bottom_up module described in this contribution is an emission model that estimates anthropogenic emissions at high spatial (e.g. road link level) and temporal (hourly) resolution using state-of-the-art calculation methods that combine local activity and emission factors along with meteorological data. The model computes bottom-up emissions from point sources, road transport, residential and commercial combustion, other mobile sources and agricultural activities. The computed pollutants include main criteria pollutants (i.e. NOx, CO, NMVOC, SOx, NH3, PM10 and PM2.5) and greenhouse gases (i.e. CO2 and CH4, only related to combustion processes). Specific emission estimation methodologies are provided for each source, and are mostly based on (but not limited to) the calculation methodologies reported by the European EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook. Meteorological-dependent functions are also included to take into account the dynamical component of the emission processes. The model also provides several functionalities for automatically manipulating and performing spatial operations on georeferenced objects (shapefiles and raster files). The model is designed so that it can be applicable to any European country/region where the required input data is available. As in the case of the global_regional module, emissions can be estimated on several user-defined grids, mapped to multiple chemical mechanisms and adapted to the input requirements of different atmospheric chemistry models (CMAQ, WRF-Chem and MONARCH) as well as a street-level dispersion model (R-LINE). Specific emission outputs generated by the model are presented and discussed to illustrate its capabilities.

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