Attenuation of Earth’s radiation belt electrons with protective shields based on composite W-Cu

For decreasing the radiation effects of the cosmic environment on the electronic components of spacecraft, local protection shields are used. They are manufactured on the basis of materials with high density and large atomic numbers (tungsten, tantalum, the W-Cu composite etc.) and then integrated into the ceramic-and-metal package of electronic components with an insufficient level of radiation resistance. On the basis of the Monte Carlo approach we considered the methods of decreasing the level of the dose absorbed by the crystals of active elements if using the radiation shields based on the W-Cu composite in hybrid metal cases under the action of electrons of a circular orbit with an inclination angle of 30° and an altitude of 8000 km. The electron spectra at the maximum and minimum solar activity were obtained using OMERE 5.3 software. It was established that an increase in the mass thickness of the base and cover of cases with shields up to 1.67 g / cm2 makes it possible to reduce the dose load by 3.5–3.7 times at the minimum and by 3.9–4.1 times at the maximum of solar activity. The optimization of protection by lowering the upper layer of the W-Cu composite to the base to a height of 1.2 mm reduces the absorbed dose by 6.8–9.3 times at the minimum and by 7.6–10.7 times at the maximum solar activity.

THE POSSIBILITY OF GENERALIZED PROTEST AND SOCIAL EXPLOSION IN THE YEARS OF MAXIMUM SOLAR ACTIVITY

The article has been devoted to the analysis and substantiation of the possibility of using the regularities of behavior of society and its individuals during the solar cycle, discovered by A. L. Chizhevsky, in the planning and implementation of social management. It has been proposed to exclude the negative development of events in our country during the 25th solar cycle to use the potential of the protest activity of society for the creation and development of the country, deploying the all-Russian program “Creation of modern ecological industry of Russia”, which requires the mobilization of efforts of the whole country and can create up to 10 million jobs for the youth.

Electron density in the F1 layer over Norilsk in 2007–2014

We report the results of the analysis of annual variations in daily electron density (N) for various solar activity conditions — minimum, rise, and maximum (2007–2014) — obtained from digisonde measurements at the ionospheric station Norilsk (69.4° N, 88.1° E). New coefficients of the known semi-empirical model (SEM) describing the connection between N and thermosphere characteristics are calculated to identify regularities of these variations exactly at Norilsk station. The height changes of annual variations in the noon electron density N are obtained in the F1 region (120–200 km). The experimental data approximation describes N quite satisfactorily at these heights in the daytime of different seasons under different solar activity conditions. It is shown that in the years of solar minimum at all heights of the F1 layer the tendency remains for maximum N in summer and for minimum N in winter. In later years and in the year of maximum solar activity, a characteristic feature of the behavior of N is the change in the phase of the annual variation by 180° in the range of heights from 170 to180 km: maximum N is observed in winter; and minimum, in summer.

Electron density in the F1 layer over Norilsk in 2007–2014

We report the results of the analysis of annual variations in daily electron density (N) for various solar activity conditions — minimum, rise, and maximum (2007–2014) — obtained from digisonde measurements at the ionospheric station Norilsk (69.4° N, 88.1° E). New coefficients of the known semi-empirical model (SEM) describing the connection between N and thermosphere characteristics are calculated to identify regularities of these variations exactly at Norilsk station. The height changes of annual variations in the noon electron density N are obtained in the F1 region (120–200 km). The experimental data approximation describes N quite satisfactorily at these heights in the daytime of different seasons under different solar activity conditions. It is shown that in the years of solar minimum at all heights of the F1 layer the tendency remains for maximum N in summer and for minimum N in winter. In later years and in the year of maximum solar activity, a characteristic feature of the behavior of N is the change in the phase of the annual variation by 180° in the range of heights from 170 to180 km: maximum N is observed in winter; and minimum, in summer.

Long-term changes in the upper stratospheric ozone at Syowa, Antarctica

Analyses of stratospheric ozone data determined from Dobson–Umkehr measurements since 1977 at the Syowa (69.0° S, 39.6° E), Antarctica, station show a significant decrease in ozone at altitudes higher than that of the 4 hPa pressure level during the 1980s and 1990s. Ozone values over Syowa have remained low since 2001. The time series of upper stratospheric ozone from the homogenized NOAA SBUV (Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Instrument)(/2) 8.6 overpass data (±4°, 24 h) are in qualitative agreement with those from the Syowa station data. Ozone recovery during the austral spring over the Syowa station appears to be slower than predicted by the equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC) curve. The long-term changes in the station's equivalent latitude (indicative of vortex size/position in winter and spring) are derived from MERRA (Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications) reanalyses at ~ 2 and ~ 50 hPa. These data are used to attribute some of the upper and middle stratospheric ozone changes to the changes in vortex position relative to the station's location. In addition, high correlation of the Southern Hemisphere annular mode (SAM) with polar upper stratospheric ozone during years of maximum solar activity points toward a strong relationship between the strength of the Brewer–Dobson circulation and the polar stratospheric ozone recovery. In the lower stratosphere, ozone recovery attributable to CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) is still not definitive, whereas the recovery of the upper stratosphere is slower than predicted. Further research indicates that dynamical and other chemical changes in the atmosphere are delaying detection of recovery over this station.

EPIDEMIC AND EPIZOOTIC CYCLICAL EXACERBATIONS OF ANTHRAX

In the paper the epidemic and epizootic periods of exacerbations of anthrax outbreaks were analyzed. The repetition time of such outbreaks has been shown to be equal 9-11-years, depending on solar activity. The greatest number of permanently disadvantaged anthrax points was found to be recorded in the phase of minimum solar activity in the minimum solar activity year and the preceding two years (m, m-1, m-2), and in the maximum phase - in the maximum solar activity year and a in the second year after it (M, M +2). The greatest number of human and animal disease rate, in addition to these terms takes place also in two following years (m +1, m +2 and M +3, M +4).

Long term changes in the upper stratospheric ozone at Syowa, Antarctica

Analyses of stratospheric ozone data determined from Dobson Umkehr measurements since 1977 at the Syowa (69.0° S, 39.6° E), Antarctica station show a significant decrease in ozone at altitudes higher than that of the 4 hPa pressure level during the 1980s and 1990s. Ozone values over Syowa have remained low since 2001. The time series of upper stratospheric ozone from the homogenized NOAA (/2) SBUV 8.6 overpass data (± 4°, 24 h) are in qualitative agreement with Syowa station data. Ozone recovery during the austral spring over Syowa station appears to be slower than predicted by the Equivalent Effective Stratospheric Chlorine (EESC) curve. The long-term changes in station's equivalent latitude are derived from MERRA analysis at ~2 hPa and ~50 hPa. These data are used to attribute some of the upper and middle stratospheric ozone changes to the changes in vortex position relative to station location. In addition, high correlation of the Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode (SAM) with polar upper stratospheric ozone during years of maximum solar activity points toward a strong relationship between the strength of the Brewer-Dobson circulation and the polar stratospheric ozone recovery. We have analyzed the results of ozone profiles over Syowa determined from measurements of the Umkehr effect by Dobson ozone spectrophotometers. The ozone depletion attributable to CFCs is clearly visible in the record, but the recovery is slower than predicted. Further research indicates that dynamical and other chemical changes in the atmosphere are delaying the recovery over this station.