Phytohormones and Elicitors Enhanced the Ecdysteroid and Glycosylflavone Content and Antioxidant Activity of Silene repens

In the course of the ongoing chemical study of species of Silene genus, S. repens Patrin as a common species of the genus, was selected as the object of this study. Using high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection and electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-PDA-ESI-tQ-MS), the presence of 12 ecdysteroids and 6 glycosylflavones was established in S. repens introduced seedlings. 20-Hydroxyecdysone and polypodine B, as well as sileneside E and schaftoside, were the dominant compounds in introduced seedlings of S. repens. The effect of exogenous phytohormones and elicitors on the productivity and accumulation of ecdysteroids and glycosylflavones in introduced seedlings of S. repens was investigated for the first time. It was found that the use of ethyl arachidonate (100 mg/L) to increase the productivity of S. repens is justified. To obtain S. repens with a high content of ecdysteroids and glycosylflavones, it is recommended to apply epibrassinolide (100 mg/L) and 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (100 mg/L), respectively. Antioxidant activity of S. repens against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH·) was determined, and it was revealed that sileneside E and schaftoside, as well as meloside А and isovitexin had the highest antioxidant activity among the studied compounds of S. repens.

Synthesis and Characterisation of Zinc Layered Hydroxide Intercalated with 2-Methyl-4- Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid and its Controlled Release Application

2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) is herbicide in group of phenoxyherbicides. It has been widely used in agriculture industry to control the weeds population especially thistle and dock. The toxicity of MCPA may impact the environment and harmful for living organisms especially human and aquatic life. This research aimed to intercalate MCPA herbicide with zinc layered hydroxide (ZLH) to form a composites (ZMCPA) and its controlled release properties. In this study, ZMCPA was prepared as an advanced delivery system by ion exchange method and further by hydrothermal treatment. The intercalations of zinc oxide were done with various MCPA concentration of 0.1 M, 0.3 M, 0.5 M, 0.7 M and 0.9 M. Intercalation performances were detected using powder X- ray diffraction (PXRD) and supported by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The study for porosity of the composite was performed by BET analyzer. Among all of these concentrations, 0.5M represented the successful intercalation due to the presence of four sharp and intense harmonic peaks at 2θ with basal spacing of 24.6 Å, 12 Å, 8 Å and 6 Å, respectively. Herbicides release study was conducted in three salt solution, sodium chloride, sodium carbonate and sodium phosphate. Sustain release of MCPA was faster in sodium phosphate solution by 85%. This controlled release study was determined by UV-Vis spectrometry.

4-CPA (4-Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid) Induces the Formation and Development of Defective “Fenghou” (Vitis vinifera × V. labrusca) Grape Seeds

For some horticultural plants, auxins can not only induce normal fruit setting but also form fake seeds in the induced fruits. This phenomenon is relatively rare, and, so far, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, “Fenghou” (Vitis vinifera × V. labrusca) grapes were artificially emasculated before flowering and then sprayed with 4-CPA (4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid) to analyze its effect on seed formation. The results show that 4-CPA can induce normal fruit setting in “Fenghou” grapes. Although more seeds were detected in the fruits of the 4-CPA-treated grapevine, most seeds were immature. There was no significant difference in the seed shape; namely, both fruit seeds of the grapevines with and without 4-CPA treatment contained a hard seed coat. However, the immature seeds lacked embryo and endosperm tissue and could not germinate successfully; these were considered defective seeds. Tissue structure observation of defective seeds revealed that a lot of tissue redifferentiation occurred at the top of the ovule, which increased the number of cell layers of the outer integument; some even differentiated into new ovule primordia. The qRT-PCR results demonstrated that 4-CPA application regulated the expression of the genes VvARF2 and VvAP2, which are associated with integument development in “Fenghou” grape ovules. Together, this study evokes the regulatory role of 4-CPA in the division and continuous redifferentiation of integument cells, which eventually develop into defective seeds with thick seed coats in grapes.

Galinsoga parviflora Response to Different Application Rates of the Herbicide Chwastox Turbo 340 SL in Spring Barley

The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of <em>Galinsoga parviflora </em>to different doses of the herbicide Chwastox Turbo 340 SL [2-methyl-4- chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) + dicamba] used alone and with an adjuvant. The study was conducted on the spring barley cultivar ‘Suweren.’ During the tillering stage of spring barley, a weed control treatment was applied using Chwastox Turbo 340 SL at a rate of 100% and at rates reduced by 33% and 50%, and was applied either alone or with an oil adjuvant. Plots without herbicide and adjuvant application were the control treatment. The present study showed that in spring barley the largest plants of <em>G. parviflora</em>, which produced the highest number of branches, flower heads, and achenes, occurred in the control treatment where no herbicide and adjuvant were applied. Morphology, productivity, and biomass were not found to vary greatly between <em>G. parviflora </em>plants occurring in the plots where the reduced rates of Chwastox Turbo 340 SL and in those where the manufacturer’s recommended rate were applied. The number of achenes produced by <em>G. parviflora </em>was positively correlated with plant height and negatively with plant biomass. The germination capacity of <em>G. parviflora </em>diaspores was not significantly different between the herbicide protection treatments.

Xác định đồng thời một số chất kích thích tăng trưởng thực vật tổng hợp nhóm auxin trong rau, củ và quả bằng kỹ thuật sắc ký lỏng khối phổ hai lần (LC-MS/MS)

Sắc ký lỏng khối phổ hai lần (LC-MS/MS) kết hợp với kỹ thuật chiết QuEChERS đã được ứng dụng để nghiên cứu xây dựng và thẩm định phương pháp xác định các chất kích thích tăng trưởng thực vật nhóm auxin bao gồm 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-CPA), 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 2-napthoxyacetic acid (NOA), indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Phương pháp được thẩm định đạt yêu cầu về tính đặc hiệu, độ nhạy và độ chính xác trong khoảng nồng độ từ 3 &divide; 200 &micro;g/kg. Giá trị LOD và LOQ lần lượt là 1 &micro;g/kg và 3 &micro;g/kg. Các chất phân tích có độ thu hồi trong khoảng 79,8 &divide; 96.4%, và độ lệch chuẩn tương đối lặp lại dưới 12,6%, đạt yêu cầu của AOAC. Quy trình tối ưu đã được áp dụng để xác định hàm lượng 6 chất kích thích tăng trưởng thực vật nhóm auxin trong các mẫu rau, củ và quả được thu thập từ các chợ khu vực: Mai Dịch, Đan Phượng, Giáp Bát, Bạch Mai và Ngã Tư Sở của thành phố Hà Nội. MCPA được phát hiện trong 22/30 mẫu rau (3,0&divide;7,1 &micro;g/kg) và 9/30 mẫu trái cây (3,1 &divide; 7,1 &micro;g/kg). Đặc biệt, 4-CPA được phát hiện với hàm lượng cao ở mức từ 23 to 75 &micro;g/kg trong mẫu giá đỗ vượt quá dư lượng tối đa (10 &micro;g/kg) theo quy định của Hội đồng Châu &Acirc;u.