Realization of Reliability for Data and Software to Improve Quality

The goal is to look for code performance metrics. Reliability is an important aspect of any program that cannot be ignored and difficult to measure. "Program reliability is defined as the probability of running programs without disruption in a specific environment for a specified period of time." The reliability of the technology differs from the performance of the hardware. Program reliability is difficult because the complexity of the program is high. Different methods can be used to increase system performance, but it is difficult to balance development time, budget, and software quality. But the best way to ensure technology consistency is to build high-quality programs throughout the life cycle of the program. We will discuss software reliability metrics in this paper. Metrics used early on can help detect and correct defects of requirements that will prevent program lifecycle errors later. It also provides consistency quality of the information system database with the help of RStudio, and we can also illustrate reliability based on the value of cyclomatic complexity and we can say whether the data or software is more reliable, less reliable or somewhat reliable.

Hydrology and Water Resources Management in Ancient India

Hydrologic knowledge in India has a historical footprint extending over several millenniums through the Harappan Civilisation (~ 3000 BC–1500 BC) and the Vedic period (~ 1500–500 BC). As in other ancient civilisations across the world, the need to manage water propelled the growth of hydrologic science in ancient India also. Most of the ancient hydrologic knowledge, however, has remained hidden and unexplored to the world at large till the recent times. In this paper, we provide some fascinating glimpses into the hydrological, hydraulic and related engineering knowledge that existed in ancient India, as discussed in contemporary literature and in the recent explorations and findings. The Vedas, particularly, the Rigveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda have many references to water cycle and associated processes, including water quality, hydraulic machines and other structures and nature-based solutions (NBS) for water management. The Harappan Civilization epitomizes the level of development of water sciences in ancient India that includes construction of sophisticated hydraulic structures, wastewater disposal systems based on centralized and decentralized concepts as well as methods for wastewater treatments. The Mauryan empire (~ 322 BC–185 BC) is credited as the first hydraulic civilization characterised by construction of dams with spillways, reservoirs, channels equipped with spillways, pynes and Ahars, understanding of water balance, development of water pricing systems, measurement of rainfall and knowledge of the various hydrological processes. As we investigate deeper into hydrologic references in ancient literature, including the Indian mythology, many fascinating dimensions of the early scientific endeavours of Indians emerge.

Effectiveness of Vestibular Training for Balance and Dizziness Rehabilitation in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Postural instability and dizziness are commonly observed in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the evidence for the use of vestibular rehabilitation, in comparison with other exercise interventions or no intervention, to treat balance impairments and dizziness in PwMS. An electronic search was conducted by two independent reviewers in the following databases: MEDLINE (Pubmed), Scopus, the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), Web of Science (WOS), Lilacs, CINHAL and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR). A quality assessment was performed using the PEDro scale and the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. When possible, the data were pooled in a meta-analysis (95%CI). This systematic review followed the PRISMA guideline statement and was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42019134230). Seven studies were included, with a total of 321 participants analysed. Compared with no intervention, vestibular rehabilitation was more effective for balance development (SMD = 2.12; 95% CI = 0.49, 3.75; p = 0.01; I2 = 89%) and dizziness symptoms improvement (SMD = −17.43; 95% CI = −29.99, −4.87; p= 0.007; I2= 66%). Compared with other exercise interventions, improvements in favour of the experimental group were observed, but statistical significance for the differences between groups was not reached.

The European Union as a Major Trading Player in the Global Economy

This chapter critically evaluates the position of the EU within the global trade and developments of its position from a long-term perspective, and identifies the main factors behind these developments. With this aim, both the intra-EU trade and the extra-EU trade are analyzed, including the development of export and import values, along with the trade balance development and the structure of the intra-EU and extra-EU trade flows (main trading partners and main product groups). Furthermore, the development of the EU's share on the global trade is studied in comparison to the share of other main world trade players. The chapter examines the main factors that influence the position of the EU within the global trade. Finally, the prediction of the EU trade and of its position in the global economy are developed.

Evaluation of National Economy’s Development Balance: Structural and Dynamic Aspects

The work is devoted to the grounding of the scientific and methodological aspects and forming the practical recommendations for evaluation of national economy’s development balance. Assessment’s results are aimed at strict explanation of real economic dynamics to find relevant instruments and impact mechanisms to target national economic development to the mainstream. Structural and dynamic approach to the estimation gives an opportunity to neutralize the complexity of national economy as an object for the evaluation by means of building the phase portraits of national economic sectors’ movements in two-dimensional phase space structured with the balanced lines. Practicability of the “balanced growth concept” implementation as a part of the national economy’s balance development evaluating is scientifically proved. Using of the concept’s mechanisms and principles at the macro level of national economic systems’ evolution is proposed. The structural and logical schema of balanced indicators is formed. Empirical research of Ukrainian national economy’s balance development is done during 2008-2012’ period. Matrix of growth quality assessment is built for the main sectors of national economy. The conclusions about security, sustainability and expediency of national economic growth rates, its structural components are made. The national economy’s sectors characterized with the most sustainable and regular behavior according to assessment based on indicators of a Balanced Growth Rate and Sustainable Development Index are picked out. General results of balance and prospects of national economy’s development are formed.