Congestion Attack Detection in Intelligent Traffic Signal System: Combining Empirical and Analytical Methods

The intelligent traffic signal (I-SIG) system aims to perform automatic and optimal signal control based on traffic situation awareness by leveraging connected vehicle (CV) technology. However, the current signal control algorithm is highly vulnerable to CV data spoofing attacks. These vulnerabilities can be exploited to create congestion in an intersection and even trigger a cascade failure in the traffic network. To avoid this issue, timely and accurate congestion attack detection and identification are essential. This work proposes a congestion attack detection approach by combining empirical prediction and analytical verification. First, we collect a range of traffic images that correspond to specific traffic snapshots which are vulnerable to potential data spoofing attacks. Based on these traffic images, an improved generative adversarial network is trained to predict whether a forthcoming attack will cause congestion with a high probability. Meanwhile, we define a group of traffic flow features. After exploring features and conducting a thorough analysis, a TGRU (tree-regularized gated recurrent unit)-based approach is proposed to verify whether congestion occurs. When we find a possible attack that can cause congestion with high probability and subsequent traffic flows also prove congestion, we can say there is a congestion attack. Thus, we can realize timely and accurate congestion attack detection by integrating empirical prediction and analytical verification. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our approach performs well in congestion attack detection accuracy and timeliness.

WRITING OUT OF FORMULAS FOR CALCULATING FORCES IN THE JOINTS OF MANIPULATORS IN STATICS

The problem of bulkiness of mathematical models of manipulative systems of industrial robots is solved. Here we consider formulas for calculating static reactions in joints and formulas for active forces that balance the forces of gravity acting on the manipulator's bodies in its stationary state. The manipulator can be in such a state when it is before capturing the object of manipulation and releasing it, or when it is performing some assembly operations, or it is during spot welding and in slow (quasi-static) arc-welding and painting processes. Aim. The aim is to derive general recur-rence and finite formulas for calculating the reaction forces in joints and their projections to the ax-es of the coordinate system rigidly connected with the selected body. Express the formulas of force projections in terms of guiding cosines and justify their optimality in terms of the minimum of arithmetic operations. Derive general inverse recurrence formulas for writing out the guide cosines of the axes associated with the moving bodies of the coordinate system with respect to the stationary coordinate system. Research methods. The methods of research relate to vector mechanics and sys-tems analysis, and the algorithmization of calculations by reducing them to the use of recurrent formulas. Results. A systematic analysis of general formulas, in which all possible regular expres-sions are highlighted which are corresponding unambiguously to the kinematic parameters of ma-nipulators, is performed. These regular expressions are used in software for analytical modeling of manipulator, in particular, for the analytical solution of problems of statics of a manipulator. The method of analytical verification of the prescribed formulas is described. The tasks of writing out optimal formulas for calculating the projections of static reaction forces in joints have been solved. And the tasks of writing out optimal formulas for calculating active forces in progressive joints of universal manipulators with six degrees of freedom, operating in Cartesian, cylindrical, spherical and angular coordinate systems, have been solved also. Analytical verification of the derived equations of stat-ics is performed. Examples of the reuse of the derived formulas for manipulators with the same kin-ematic schemes of their subsystems. Conclusion. Expressions of the equations of statics of manipu-lators through the guide cosines of the axes of the associated coordinate systems of their bodies al-low us to write these equations through the known parameters of body orientation. The recurrent formulas for calculating directional cosines allows to use recursive functions in their software im-plementation, i.e. to increase the computational efficiency of the software.

Special Issue “Isotopic Techniques for Food Science”

Today, the analytical verification of food safety and quality together with authenticity and traceability plays a central role in food analysis [...]

Verification of automated latex-enhanced particle immunoturbidimetric D-Dimer assays on different analytical platforms and comparability of test results

Introduction: The aim of the study was the analytical verification of automated latex-enhanced particle immunoturbidimetric (LPIA) D-Dimer assay INNOVANCE D-dimer on Sysmex CS-5100 and Atellica COAG 360 analysers, and HemosIL D-dimer HS500 on ACL TOP 550, as well as the comparison with the enzyme-linked immunofluorescent assay (ELFA) on the miniVidas analyser. Materials and methods: Verification included assessment of within-run and between-run precision, bias, measurement uncertainty (MU), verification of the cut-off, method comparison between all assessed assays, and the reference commercial ELFA VIDAS D-Dimer Exclusion II. Results: Within-run coefficients of variations (CVs) ranged from 1.6% (Atellica COAG 360) to 7.9% (ACL TOP 550), while between-run CVs ranged from 1.7% (Sysmex CS-5100) to 6.9% (Atellica COAG 360). Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients were > 0.99 between LPIAs and ≥ 0.93 when comparing ELFA with LPIA. Passing-Bablok regression analysis yielded constant and proportional difference for comparison of ACL TOP 550 with both Sysmex CS-5100 and Atellica COAG360, and for miniVidas with Atellica COAG360. Small proportional difference was found between miniVidas and both Sysmex CS-5100 and ACL TOP 550. Calculated MUs using D-dimer HS 500 calibrator were 12.6% (Sysmex CS-5100) and 15.6% (Atellica COAG 360), while with INNOVANCE D-dimer calibrator 12.0% (Sysmex CS-5100), 10.0% (Atellica COAG 360) and 28.1% (ACL TOP 550). Excellent agreement of results was obtained, with occasional discrepancies near the cut-off. The cut-off (0.5 mg/L FEU) was confirmed. Conclusions: The obtained results prove satisfactory analytical performance of LPIAs, their high comparability and almost equal discriminatory characteristics, suggesting them as a valid alternative to ELFA.

Analytical verification and comparison of chromogenic assays for dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban determination on BCSXP and STA Compact Max analysers

Introduction: The aim of the study was to perform analytical verification and comparison of chromogenic assays for determination of dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban concentration on BCSXP and STA Compact Max analysers. Materials and methods: Precision, linearity, measurement uncertainty estimation and determination of limit of blank, limit of determination and limit of quantification were calculated. Analytical performance specifications were set according to manufacturer specifications and literature data on between laboratory variability. Comparison of the methods was done using Bland-Altman and Passing-Bablok regression analysis. Results: Obtained results have shown acceptable precision on STA Compact Max only for dabigatran (CV = 3.5%) at lower concentration level comparing to manufacturer declaration (CV = 3.6%). On BCSXP, the highest coefficient of variation has been shown for apixaban (6.1%) at lower concentration level. Within laboratory precision was not met on STA Compact Max for all assays. Bland-Altman analysis has shown statistically significant bias for dabigatran (23.2%, 95%CI 11.2 – 35.3; P < 0.001) and apixaban (8.4%, 95%CI 1.2 – 15.6; P = 0.023). Passing-Bablok regression analysis has shown systematic and proportional deviation between methods for rivaroxaban (y = 6.52 (2.94 to 11.83) + 0.84 (0.80 to 0.89) x. Conclusion: Chromogenic assays for dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban on BCSXP and STA Compact Max analysers are shown as methods with satisfactory long-term analytical performance specifications for determination of direct oral anticoagulants in clinical laboratories. However, we cannot recommend interchangeable use because of the significant bias between assays.

PENGARUH NON PERFORMING FINANCING (NPF) DAN GROWTH OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GGDP) TERHADAP FINANCING TO DEPOSIT RATIO (FDR) DI PT BANK BNI SYARIAH PERIODE 2013-3017

Liquidity is an important point in banking operations as well as in the resilience and sustainability of a sharia bank. FDR at Bank BNI Syariah tends to decrease during the period 2013-2017. In addition, there is a phenomenon of a gap between the development NPF and GGDP against FDR in PT Bank BNI Syariah. This study has a purpose to know the partial influence of NPF and GGDP on FDR. In addition, this study aims to determine how much the simultan influence of NPF and GGDP on FDR.In some opinions and research results found by other researchers that NPF, and GGDP will affect FDR. GGDP increase, FDR will also increase, and vice versa. Whereas when the NPF increases, the FDR will decrease.The research method used is descriptive analytical verification by a quantitative approach. The data used is secondary data in the form of financial statements published by PT Bank BNI Syariah during the 2013-2017. Data analysis techniques used were linear regression, PPM correlation, coefficient of determination, and hypothesis testing (t test and F test) using SPSS 22.0.The conclusion obtained from this study that partially NPF has a significant effect on FDR with a determination coefficient of 56.7% and GGDP has no significant effect on FDR with a coefficient of determination of 0.2%. While simultaneously NPF and GGDP affect FDR with a coefficient of determination of 60.7%. In addition, it was found that the value of F calculated ≥ value of Ftable (12,374 3,630). This means that the estimated regression model is appropriate to explain the influence of NPF and GGDP on FDR at PT Bank BNI Syariah for the 2013-2017 period.

Design for Reliability Highly Responsible Systems on the Example of a Moving Rod

The article is devoted to one of the design technologies of highly responsible systems on the example of a rotating rod of a spacecraft. This technology allows take into account the specified requirements for reliability from the very first design solutions. An algorithm for constructing a generalized parametric model of the functioning of products is proposed, which is intended for carrying out the calculated and experimental verification of the output parameters of functioning and their correlation with the given reliability indicators. The methodology of the design & technological reliability analysis is presented, which allows performing analytical verification of the functioning parameters in order to identify necessary and sufficient requirements for performing computational and experimental verification and manufacturing products with a given reliability. This design technology, based on parameterization and design & technological reliability analysis, makes it possible to achieve reliability of mechanical devices whp R≡1, regardless of the type of mass production. At the same time, potential failures can be successfully eliminated or mitigated at the earliest stages of the life cycle (design and engineering), and the possible risks of the occurrence of failures are promptly evaluated