rapid transport
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Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1440
Author(s):  
Palak Sondhi ◽  
Keith J. Stine

The fundamental essence of material design towards creating functional materials lies in bringing together the competing aspects of a large specific surface area and rapid transport pathways. The generation of structural hierarchy on distinct and well-defined length scales has successfully solved many problems in porous materials. Important applications of these hierarchical materials in the fields of catalysis and electrochemistry are briefly discussed. This review summarizes the recent advances in the strategies to create a hierarchical bicontinuous morphology in porous metals, focusing mainly on the hierarchical architectures in nanoporous gold. Starting from the traditional dealloying method and subsequently moving to other non-traditional top-down and bottom-up manufacturing processes including templating, 3D printing, and electrodeposition, this review will thoroughly examine the chemistry of creating hierarchical nanoporous gold and other coinage metals. Finally, we conclude with a discussion about the future opportunities for the advancement in the methodologies to create bimodal structures with enhanced sensitivity.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (40) ◽  
pp. 48292-48300
Author(s):  
Qianqian Wang ◽  
Yi He ◽  
Xinxin Geng ◽  
Yongping Hou ◽  
Yongmei Zheng
Keyword(s):  

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 080701
Author(s):  
M. Idouakass ◽  
Y. Todo ◽  
H. Wang ◽  
J. Wang ◽  
R. Seki ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-247
Author(s):  
W. Choromański ◽  
I. Grabarek ◽  
M. Kozłowski ◽  
A. Czerepicki

In recent years, intensive research on urban transport has been observed. The search is about finding such solutions that will enable, among others: increasing the importance of public transport, matching transport for the needs of people with reduced mobility, increasing capacity, reducing emissions, energy efficiency (technical and organizational dimension through the organization of transport on demand), increasing the vulnerability to recycling and remanufacturing. The paper presents the main concept and technical solutions of the innovative transport system – HMASSUT Prometheus (Hybrid Modular Autonomous System for Sustainable Urban Transport), which combines the concepts of  personal rapid transport and an electric vehicle at the L4 autonomy level (according to the Society of Automotive Engineers classification). An assessment of the effectiveness of an innovative transport system using indicators used in road engineering is given in the paper. The concept of simulation and optimization of the transport network is presented together with the theory of cellular automata.


2021 ◽  
Vol 775 ◽  
pp. 145698
Author(s):  
Huanfang Huang ◽  
Huafeng Liu ◽  
Shuai Xiong ◽  
Faming Zeng ◽  
Jianwei Bu ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Haack

Abstract Trirachys holosericeus, a highly polyphagous longhorned beetle, is native to southern Asia from Pakistan to the Philippines. It is a stem-boring pest in natural and planted forests and fruit trees. It attacks primarily hardwoods, and at least one conifer. Both healthy and stressed trees are attacked, often leading to crown dieback and possibly tree death after one or more years of infestation. Cut logs can remain attractive to egg-laying adults for nearly a year after felling. T. holosericeus has not become established outside its native range of Asia, but it could be moved inadvertently in live plants, logs, and solid wood packaging. Chemical treatments, including injecting insecticides into active galleries, are often used on live trees, especially fruit trees. In forest stands, heavily infested trees are often cut and destroyed. For recently cut logs, rapid transport to sawmills and quick utilization, or at least debarking, are recommended.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efstathios Diamantopoulos ◽  
Maja Holbak ◽  
Per Abrahamsen

<p>Preferential water flow and solute transport in agricultural systems affects not only the quality of groundwater but also the quality of surface waters like streams and lakes. This is due to the rapid transport of agrochemicals, immediately after application, through subsurface drainpipes and surface water. Experimental evidence attributes this to the occurrence of continuously connected pathways, connecting the soil surface directly with the drainpipes. We developed a physically-based model describing preferential flow and transport in biopores and implemented it in the agroecological model Daisy. The model simulates the often observed rapid transport of chemicals from   the upper soil layers to the drainpipes or to deeper layers of the soil matrix. Based on field investigations, biopores with specific characteristics can be parameterized as classes with different vertical and horizontal distributions. The model was tested against experimental data from a column experiment with an artificial biopore and showed good results in simulating preferential flow dynamics. We illustrate the performance of the new approach, by conducting five simulations assuming a two-dimensional simulation domain with different biopore parametrizations, from none to several different classes. The simulation results agreed with experimental observations reported in the literature, indicating rapid transport from the soil to the drainpipes. Furthermore, the different biopore parametrizations resulted in distinctly different leaching patterns, raising the expectation that biopore properties could be estimated or constrained based on observed leaching data and direct measurements.</p>


Author(s):  
Marcela Ferreira de Amorim Marçal ◽  
Ana Paula Almeida Freitas ◽  
Filipe Fonseca Garcia
Keyword(s):  

A má qualidade do transporte público e da qualidade de vida, o crescimento do índice de acidentes e o aspecto visual desacolhedor, são alguns dos problemas que a expansão urbana acelerada sem planejamento nas cidades ocasiona. Em cidades de médio/grande porte é importante a realização de um projeto de Mobilidade Urbana, para evitar ou reduzir esses problemas, sejam eles ambientais, sociais ou econômicos. O propósito desse artigo foi analisar o projeto de Mobilidade Urbana realizado em Anápolis – GO, comparando com o Plano Diretor da cidade, com foco na principal e maior avenida: Avenida Brasil. O projeto contou com a implantação de corredores exclusivos para ônibus nas principais avenidas da cidade: Avenida Universitária, Pedro Ludovico, JK/São Francisco, Presidente Kennedy/Fernando Costa e Brasil, procurando a melhora na qualidade do sistema do transporte público, diminuindo o tempo gasto nas viagens, oferecendo segurança e conforto para os passageiros e, consequentemente, harmonizando a relação dos ônibus com os demais veículos no tráfego. O projeto também contou com a construção de novas plataformas de embarque e desembarque e dois viadutos localizados na Avenida Brasil sentido Sul. Ao ser realizada a comparação do Plano Diretor de Anápolis com a Avenida Brasil já em funcionamento com o novo Plano de Mobilidade Urbana, foi constatado que os pedestres, ciclistas e usuário de transporte público foram parcialmente favorecidos, ainda sem total prioridade no espaço viário. O Plano de Mobilidade Urbana realizado na cidade de Anápolis conseguiu antecipar a futura implantação do sistema BRT – Bus Rapid Transport, para quando houver demanda suficiente na cidade, pois os corredores exclusivos implantados, juntamente com as mudanças realizadas, não são o suficiente para que já seja considerado um sistema BRT.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. eabf5814
Author(s):  
Biao Qiu ◽  
Doreen Matthies ◽  
Eva Fortea ◽  
Zhiheng Yu ◽  
Olga Boudker

Human excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (hEAAT3) mediates glutamate uptake in neurons, intestine, and kidney. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of hEAAT3 in several functional states where the transporter is empty, bound to coupled sodium ions only, or fully loaded with three sodium ions, a proton, and the substrate aspartate. The structures suggest that hEAAT3 operates by an elevator mechanism involving three functionally independent subunits. When the substrate-binding site is near the cytoplasm, it has a remarkably low affinity for the substrate, perhaps facilitating its release and allowing the rapid transport turnover. The mechanism of the coupled uptake of the sodium ions and the substrate is conserved across evolutionarily distant families and is augmented by coupling to protons in EAATs. The structures further suggest a mechanism by which a conserved glutamate residue mediates proton symport.


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