STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN TONGUE TISSUES UNDER PER OS ADMINISTRATION OF HIGH DOSES OF LEAD ACETATE

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the structural transformation in rats’ tongue tissue after oral administration of lead salts. Under the conditions of acute experiment during 5 days Wistar rats were orally administered the lead acetate solution in the amount of 24 mg per day. Histological studies were carried out at OSMU upon the completion of the experiment. Effect of toxic doses of lead results in symptoms of both hyperkeratosis and destruction of tongue tissue. It is assumed that the oxidative stress and tissue irritation, induced by lead intoxication, causes pathological changes in the shape, height and number of filiform papillae of the tongue. This results in hyperkeratosis, hydropic degradation of the epithelium and in the presence of an inflammatory infiltrate in the connective tissue.

EFFECT OF LEAD ON STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN LIVER OF WISTAR RATS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF ACUTE EXPERIM

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the structural transformations of Wistar rats liver after oral administration of lead salts. Under the conditions of acute experiment during 5 days the Wistar rats were orally administered the lead acetate solution in the amount of 3 mg/kg. Histological studies were carried out at OSMU upon the completion of the experiment. Effect of toxic doses of lead causes symptoms of both steatosis and hydropic degeneration of the liver. It is assumed that the appearance of hepatic steatosis reflects the reaction of hepatocytes to hemic hypoxia caused by the action of lead, while the signs of hydropic degeneration expressed in varying degrees reflect its direct toxic effect.

THE IMPACT OF LEAD SALTS ON BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN THE LYMPH OF ANIMALS

The article establishes the effect on the biochemical parameters of animal lymphocytes in case of poisoning with lead salts. The impact of lead salts, their spread, the effect of the harmful factors and the strengthening of the ecological situation in the environment determine the urgency of this problem. It is known that heavy metal ions gradually accumulate in the elements of the environment and then pass from the atmosphere to water and the human body. It was found that the effect of heavy metal salts in rats, including lead salts, has a negative effect on the lymphatic and circulatory system compared to the control group of biochemical parameters, which leads to metabolic disorders in the blood and lymph circulation. As a result of the study, the activity of rat enzymes was detected in normal and after poisoning with a toxicant. In acute poisoning, there was an increase in the amount of alkaline phosphatase in the lymphatic system by 40%, as well as an increase in the level of amino-transferase enzymes by 71% and 83%, respectively, and a decrease in the content of total bilirubin and associated bilirubin, all this indicates a violation of liver function, increased cytological processes in the liver and pancreas, decreased protein synthesis and impaired metabolism. When exposed to lead salts on the biochemical parameters of the lymph, the activity of α-amylase was reduced by 22.7%. based on the experiments, it was found that heavy metal salts significantly reduce the level of glucose in the blood, which negatively affects the parenchyma of the liver, kidney and kidney, increasing its consumption in tissues. The results obtained in the course of the study allowed us to form comprehensive data on the effect of lead on lymphatic and circulatory activity, biochemical parameters of the lymph of animal rats and can serve as a scientific basis for finding solutions to this problem.

Influence of heavy metals on hematologic parameters, body weight gain and organ weight in rats

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of Cadmium and Lead salts on body weight gain and rat body weights and hematological parameters. The experiments were conducted in male rats of the Wistar line, weighing 200–220 g, of which four groups of animals were formed: 1) A control group – they injected drinking water through a metal probe in a volume equivalent to the volume of an aqueous solution of Cd2+ salts and Pb2+; 2) Experimental group 1 – animals were administered a 0.029% aqueous solution of cadmium chloride at a dose of 4.0 mg kg-1; 3) Experimental group 2 – animals were administered 16.6% aqueous lead acetate solution at a dose of 200 mg kg-1; 4) Experimental group 3 – animals were administered 16.6% aqueous lead acetate solution at a dose of 100 mg kg-1 and 0.029% aqueous cadmium chloride solution at a dose of 2.0 mg kg-1. Throughout the experiment, rats were kept in a balanced diet containing all the necessary components, and animals were given drinking water, without restriction, from 0.2 liter glass bowls. On the basis of the conducted researches it is established that at loading of an organism of rats by cadmium and Lead salts in rats the weight gain in comparison with intact animals decreased. Reduction of live weight gain in rats by heavy metal intoxication was accompanied by hypo- and hypertrophy of the internal organs. These changes are related to the cumulative and sorption capacity of these metal ions, which contribute to the development of endogenous intoxication of rats in the experimental groups. Chronic lead-cadmium toxicosis in rats was accompanied by erythrocytopenia and leukopenia, as well as a decrease in hemoglobin with a simultaneous increase in erythrocyte volume and average erythrocyte hemoglobin content.

Influence of lead salts on some morphological and physiological parameters of filamentous cyanobacteria

In the conditions of a model laboratory experiment the influence of lead salts (an acetate and nitrate) on morphological and physiological parameters of filamentous cyanobacteria was studied. During the experiment we estimated features of formation of biomass, structure of trichomes, form and the size of cells, content of chlorophyll a, carotenoids and phycobiliproteins. It is noted that in the presence of lead acetate of up to 5 maximum allowable concentrations there is a formation of a biomass in the form of attached and free films, and presence of a nitrate form of lead at the same concentration promotes formation of filaments, fixed from one side. At the same time, the increase of concentration of both acetate, and nitrate forms of lead promotes formation of rarefied films of one layer multidirectional trichomes; to disintegration of trichomes on the fragments and separate cells united by an external mucilaginous envelope. Content of lead acetate in concentration of 15 times the maximum allowable concentration, and lead nitrate at 10 times the maximum allowable concentration leads to formation of abnormally long cells up to 10.0–10.5 µm long. It is established that lead acetate has a stimulating effect on formation of a biomass and synthesis of photosynthetic pigments. The biomass growth of up to 223.7% of the control was observed at concentration up to 15 times the maximum allowable concentration inclusive. The content of chlorophyll a grew by 30.6%, carotenoids – by 24.0% at one maximum allowable concentration. Lead nitrate stimulates a biomass gain much more weakly – up to 70.0% at 5 times the maximum allowable concentration and also has the expressed inhibiting effect on synthesis of photosynthetic pigments. Depression of concentration of chlorophyll a and carotenoids by 38.8% and 79.4% respectively was observed already at one maximum allowable concentration. The stimulating effect of lead acetate is noted on synthesis of phycocyanin (by 94.0%) and allophycocyanin (by 120.0%) in concentration up to 5 times the maximum allowable concentration; the stimulating effect of lead nitrate was observed on synthesis of phycocyanin (by 64.7%) in concentration up to 5 times the maximum allowable concentration and on synthesis of allophycocyanin (up to 140.0%) and on phycoerythrin (up to 228.0%) at concentration up to 10 times the maximum allowable concentration. Comparison of influence of various lead salts on filamentous cyanobacteria revealed a more expressed inhibiting effect of the nitrate form of lead in comparison with acetate.