Threat Assessment Teams for Institutions of Higher Education: A Review of Key Ideas and Practices for Professional Counselors

This review of literature provides a comprehensive account of the instigative factors, history, and evolution of threat assessment teams (TATs) for target-based violence in institutions of higher education (IHEs). Through examining diverse approaches to threat assessment, this review investigates the most effective criteria for creating protocols to identify and manage threats of target-based violence. The objective is to provide a greater understanding of the precursors and warning signs to threats of violence, including an understanding of what psychosocial factors impel students to enact mass murder, so that TATs can implement preventative strategies to school violence. The generalized findings of the majority of studies point to the necessity for a multi-disciplinary team referencing fact-based predictors of violence, yet applying an individualized and preventative approach to each case of suspected violence.

Sleep, Pain, and Cognition: Modifiable Targets for Optimal Perioperative Brain Health

The prevention of perioperative neurocognitive disorders is a priority for patients, families, clinicians, and researchers. Given the multiple risk factors present throughout the perioperative period, a multicomponent preventative approach may be most effective. The objectives of this narrative review are to highlight the importance of sleep, pain, and cognition on the risk of perioperative neurocognitive disorders and to discuss the evidence behind interventions targeting these modifiable risk factors. Sleep disruption is associated with postoperative delirium, but the benefit of sleep-related interventions is uncertain. Pain is a risk factor for postoperative delirium, but its impact on other postoperative neurocognitive disorders is unknown. Multimodal analgesia and opioid avoidance are emerging as best practices, but data supporting their efficacy to prevent delirium are limited. Poor preoperative cognitive function is a strong predictor of postoperative neurocognitive disorder, and work is ongoing to determine whether it can be modified to prevent perioperative neurocognitive disorders.

Crisis care: tackling the climate and ecological emergency

The climate crisis is a health crisis; it demands the urgent attention and action of healthcare professionals and organisations. In this issue of the BJPsych Bulletin, we consider what the destructive effects of the climate and ecological crisis entail for the mental health of populations, and what the response of psychiatrists, both individual and collective, must be. We also highlight the opportunities and benefits a more sustainable and preventative approach could offer individuals, communities and the planet.

Important Topics for Fostering Research Integrity by Research Performing and Research Funding Organizations: A Delphi Consensus Study

To foster research integrity (RI), it is necessary to address the institutional and system-of-science factors that influence researchers’ behavior. Consequently, research performing and research funding organizations (RPOs and RFOs) could develop comprehensive RI policies outlining the concrete steps they will take to foster RI. So far, there is no consensus on which topics are important to address in RI policies. Therefore, we conducted a three round Delphi survey study to explore which RI topics to address in institutional RI policies by seeking consensus from research policy experts and institutional leaders. A total of 68 RPO and 52 RFO experts, representing different disciplines, countries and genders, completed one, two or all rounds of the study. There was consensus among the experts on the importance of 12 RI topics for RPOs and 11 for RFOs. The topics that ranked highest for RPOs concerned education and training, supervision and mentoring, dealing with RI breaches, and supporting a responsible research process (e.g. through quality assurance). The highest ranked RFO topics concerned dealing with breaches of RI, conflicts of interest, and setting expectations on RPOs (e.g. about educating researchers about RI). Together with the research policy experts and institutional leaders, we developed a comprehensive overview of topics important for inclusion in the RI policies of RPOs and RFOs. The topics reflect preference for a preventative approach to RI, coupled with procedures for dealing with RI breaches. RPOs and RFOs should address each of these topics in order to support researchers in conducting responsible research.

Tackling Undeclared Self-Employment in South-East Europe: from Deterrents to Preventative Policy Measures

This paper evaluates two contrasting policy approaches for tackling those working on an own-account basis who do not declare all their paid activities to the authorities for tax, social security and/or labour law purposes. The conventional deterrence approach, based on a rational economic actor view, has sought to raise the costs of engaging in undeclared work by increasing the expected sanctions and risk of detection. Recently, an alternative preventative approach has emerged viewing participants more as social actors operating in the undeclared economy when there is a lack of vertical trust (in government) and horizontal trust (in others to operate legitimately).Consequently, this seeks to improve vertical and horizontal trust in order to elicit voluntary compliance. To evaluate the effectiveness of these contrasting policy approaches in tackling undeclared self-employment, evidence is reported from a 2019 Eurobarometer survey in seven South-East European countries (Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Hungary, Romania and Slovenia). This reveals that the likelihood of participation in undeclared selfemployment is not significantly associated with the deterrent measures of increasing the perceived sanctions and risk of detection but is significantly associated with the preventative measures of improving vertical and horizontal trust. The implications for theorising and tackling undeclared self-employment are discussed.

TACKLING INFORMAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN EAST-CENTRAL EUROPE: FROM A DETERRENCE TO PREVENTATIVE APPROACH

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of two contrasting policy approaches in tackling informal sector entrepreneurship. The dominant deterrence approach theorizes entrepreneurs as rational economic actors who operate in the informal sector when the benefits of doing so outweigh the costs. The resultant policy focus is upon deterring participation by increasing the costs of operating in the informal sector through increased penalties and probability of being caught. Recently, a more preventative approach has emerged theorizing entrepreneurs as social actors operating in the informal sector when there is a lack of vertical trust (in government) and horizontal trust (in others). The consequent policy focus is upon improving entrepreneurs’ vertical trust (in the state) and horizontal trust (in each other). To evaluate these approaches, evidence is reported from a 2019 Eurobarometer survey in six East-Central European countries (Czechia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Slovakia). The finding is that participation in informal entrepreneurship is not significantly associated with the deterrent measures of raising the penalties and probability of being caught but is significantly associated with the preventative measures of improving vertical and horizontal trust. The implications for theory and policy are discussed.

Counseling Families and Children in Rural Poverty

This chapter discusses the unique needs and barriers that families and children living in rural poverty face regarding mental health counseling. It provides a literature review and specific statistics relevant to why this is a significant societal concern. Recommendations, resources, strategies, and techniques are provided for educators and counselors to implement in order to move forward to assist this marginalized population by using a holistic and multidisciplinary approach to assist the families who struggle with emotional, social, and cognitive needs. Once counselors and educators are aware of what defines poverty and the consequences of this global issue, we can move forward to progress towards a proactive and preventative approach to stop the cycle of poverty. Addressing how to decrease the number of families who are negatively affected by the lack of resources, decreased medical access, limited social support, and low self-efficacy may contribute to a better quality of life.

Concept Of Dhupana – A Preventative Approach In Ayurveda For Air Borne Infection

Airborne infections are such type of infections which are caused by pathogens that can be transmitted by air over time and distance by small particles. These pathogens may be viruses, bacteria or fungi that can spread through sneezing, breathing, talking etc. In our surroundings, there are millions and tons of such pathogens that are responsible for spreading such airborne infections. In Ayurveda, this airborne infections are correlated with Aupsargikarogaswhich spreads very easily in society. In current days the world is facing suchAupsargik Rogawhich is known as COVID 19 and which is a Pandemic disease. This Aupsargikarogas can sometimes prove fatal if they are not treated at a proper time or if proper prevention against this rogas is not taken. The organisms which are responsible for these airborne infections are opportunistic, as they attack such individuals who are with low immunity. So that these organisms can grow easily inside the individual's body without any type of disturbances can finally cause fatal disease. The whole world is suffering from this pandemic and there is a need to prevent the world from this pandemic disease. The most classical, authentic and best way to prevent from transmission according to Ayurveda isDhupan karma which is correlated with fumigation or sterilization. For this Karma, there are many such Dhupan dravyas which are explained by Acharyasin Samhitas.

REASONS FOR FAILURES IN INSPECTION REPORTS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDS

The construction of multi dwellings is currently a focus of the New Zealand government to address housing shortages. The intention is to build en masse whilst also keeping the buildings affordable. Affordability is not expected to compromise on quality and performance of new builds. New Zealand has a strict regime for building compliance, which helps to maintain standard of building performance. However, despite this, some buildings fail inspection during construction. There is limited understanding on the reasons for such failures. Therefore, this paper aims to provide a clear and concise understanding of why and how residential building inspections fail. The study investigates the reasons behind failed inspections by analyzing 146,000 inspection reports. The report used for the study cover January 2013 till June 2016. The data set was obtained from a major urban council in New Zealand. The results identified two key reasons for failed inspections. One is technical in nature and the other administrative, which both Council and builders must work collaboratively to achieve common compliance objectives. The study provides the construction industry with important insights into the reasons for failure of building inspections to serve as a preventative approach to non-achievement of expected residential building qualities.

Remedying Contact Dermatitis in Broiler Chickens with Novel Flooring Treatments

Contact dermatitis (footpad dermatitis (FPD), hock burns, and breast dermatitis) is a welfare issue for broiler chickens, causing pain and behavioral restrictions. Once lesions develop, often nothing is done to remedy the issue for the affected flock. Our objective was to evaluate novel flooring treatments at the flock level by providing preventative and remedial treatments against contact dermatitis, plumage soiling, and gait impairment. Broilers (n = 546) were housed in 42 pens, with 13 birds/pen. The flooring treatments (four) included used litter (NEG), new pine shavings replaced regularly (POS), a mat filled with 1% povidone-iodine solution (MAT), and the iodine mat placed on a slatted floor (SLAT). Flooring treatments were provided from day one of age (preventative approach; PREV) or day 29 (remedial approach; REM). Contact dermatitis, soiling, gait, and weight were recorded weekly (seven birds/pen). Results showed a treatment effect for all measures, dependent on bird age. Overall, the POS treatment resulted in the best welfare outcomes (FPD, hock burns, and gait). The worst contact dermatitis was found in the MAT and SLAT groups. NEG birds showed little contact dermatitis, opposite to expectations. Weights were lower for PREV-POS in week seven only. The treatments with povidone-iodine were deemed ineffective against contact dermatitis. Access to clean litter prevented and remedied contact dermatitis, and a comparable approach may be commercially feasible.