Evaluation of diverse range microbes for their plant growth promoting abilities and their pesticide compatibility

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) contribute to an increase in crop yield through an environmentally friendly method, therefore eight rhizospheric bacteria, two of each genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Azotobacter and Azospirillum were examined for their efficacy to solubilize mineral nutrients using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and a flame photometer. Their potency to produce phytohormones, synthesis biocontrol components and their compatibility with pesticides using in vitro assays was studied. All of the chosen bacterial isolates proved positive for the above-mentioned Plant Growth Promoting traits. Among the eight bacterial isolates Pseudomonas isolate P69 showed the highest phosphorous solubilization efficiency of 190.91 % and another isolate P48 produced a maximum of 27.63µg mL-1 of gibberellic acid, Bacillus isolate B120 could solubilize maximum amount of ZnO and ZnCO3 accounting for 21.3ppm and 25.9ppm, respectively, not merely in terms of solubilization when compared to the other isolates, B120 produced the highest levels of HCN (77.33 ppm TCC) and siderophores (48.87psu). On day 9 after inoculation, Azotobacter isolate AZB17 performed effectively in potassium solubilization of 6.25g mL-1 with a pH drop to 3.83. The Azospirillum isolate ASP25 outperformed all other isolates in terms of IAA production (22.64g mL-1) and Bacillus isolate B365 was found to be more compatible with eight different pesticides used in the field at varying concentrations. All of these factors point to the possibility of using these bacterial isolates B120, P48, P69, AZB17, and ASP25 as biofertilizers in sustainable agriculture.

Looking for the X Factor in Bacterial Pathogenesis: Association of orfX-p47 Gene Clusters with Toxin Genes in Clostridial and Non-Clostridial Bacterial Species

The botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) has been extensively researched over the years in regard to its structure, mode of action, and applications. Nevertheless, the biological roles of four proteins encoded from a number of BoNT gene clusters, i.e., OrfX1-3 and P47, are unknown. Here, we investigated the diversity of orfX-p47 gene clusters using in silico analytical tools. We show that the orfX-p47 cluster was not only present in the genomes of BoNT-producing bacteria but also in a substantially wider range of bacterial species across the bacterial phylogenetic tree. Remarkably, the orfX-p47 cluster was consistently located in proximity to genes coding for various toxins, suggesting that OrfX1-3 and P47 may have a conserved function related to toxinogenesis and/or pathogenesis, regardless of the toxin produced by the bacterium. Our work also led to the identification of a putative novel BoNT-like toxin gene cluster in a Bacillus isolate. This gene cluster shares striking similarities to the BoNT cluster, encoding a bont/ntnh-like gene and orfX-p47, but also differs from it markedly, displaying additional genes putatively encoding the components of a polymorphic ABC toxin complex. These findings provide novel insights into the biological roles of OrfX1, OrfX2, OrfX3, and P47 in toxinogenesis and pathogenesis of BoNT-producing and non-producing bacteria.

Isolasi dan Identifikasi Cemaran Bakteri Salmonella sp. pada Daging Ayam dan Ikan Mentah

Food is a basic need that must be free from microorganisms contamination Salmonella sp. is a gram-negative bacteria that often contaminates food, especially meat, and causes Salmonellosis disease. This study aims to isolate and identify Salmonella sp. which allegedly contaminating the sample of chicken meat and raw fish. Samples from traditional market around Jambi University. The tests were conducted at the Laboratory of Biotechnology and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jambi University. Isolation was performed by dilution method on SSA medium (Salmonella Shigella Agar), isolates were characterized by macroscopic-microscopic morphology, and biochemical test. The results showed that raw chicken meat was positively contaminated with Salmonella sp., while fish meat was not. Gram-negative bacillus isolate character is yields H2S black deposits and is capable of fermenting glucose, lactose and sucrose.