Physico-Chemistry of Dinitrosyl Iron Complexes as a Determinant of Their Biological Activity

In this article we minutely discuss the so-called “oxidative” mechanism of mononuclear form of dinitrosyl iron complexes (M-DNICs) formations proposed by the author. M-DNICs are proposed to be formed from their building material—neutral NO molecules, Fe2+ ions and anionic non-thiol (L−) and thiol (RS−) ligands based on the disproportionation reaction of NO molecules binding with divalent ion irons in pairs. Then a protonated form of nitroxyl anion (NO−) appearing in the reaction is released from this group and a neutral NO molecule is included instead. As a result, M-DNICs are produced. Their resonance structure is described as [(L−)2Fe2+(NO)(NO+)], in which nitrosyl ligands are represented by NO molecules and nitrosonium cations in equal proportions. Binding of hydroxyl ions with the latter causes conversion of these cations into nitrite anions at neutral pH values and therefore transformation of DNICs into the corresponding high-spin mononitrosyl iron complexes (MNICs) with the resonance structure described as [(L−)2Fe2+(NO)]. In case of replacing L− by thiol-containing ligands, which are characterized by high π-donor activity, electron density transferred from sulfur atoms to iron-dinitrosyl groups neutralizes the positive charge on nitrosonium cations, which prevents their hydrolysis, ensuring relatively a high stability of the corresponding M-DNICs with the resonance structure [(RS−)2Fe2+ (NO, NO+)]. Therefore, M-DNICs with thiol-containing ligands, as well as their binuclear analogs (B-DNICs, respective resonance structure [(RS−)2Fe2+2 (NO, NO+)2]), can serve donors of both NO and NO+. Experiments with solutions of B-DNICs with glutathione or N-acetyl-L-cysteine (B-DNIC-GSH or B-DNIC-NAC) showed that these complexes release both NO and NO+ in case of decomposition in the presence of acid or after oxidation of thiol-containing ligands in them. The level of released NO was measured via optical absorption intensity of NO in the gaseous phase, while the number of released nitrosonium cations was determined based on their inclusion in S-nitrosothiols or their conversion into nitrite anions. Biomedical research showed the ability of DNICs with thiol-containing ligands to be donors of NO and NO+ and produce various biological effects on living organisms. At the same time, NO molecules released from DNICs usually have a positive and regulatory effect on organisms, while nitrosonium cations have a negative and cytotoxic effect.

SISTEM INFORMASI DONOR DARAH BERBASIS ANDROID PADA UNIT TRANSFUSI DARAH PALANG MERAH INDONESIA (UTD PMI) KOTA PEKANBARU

Blood is one of the most important parts in the human body because blood has a function to circulate the juice, carry oxygen, circulate hormones, and others. If humans reduce blood caused by accidents or anemia, so that humans lack blood or store dirty blood in the body, then it can cause diseases that endanger the health of even someone. Blood donor activity is an activity of the process of blood transfer from donors to people who lack blood. The process is carried out by those who carry out blood processing processes such as the Blood Transfusion Unit (UTD) under the auspices of the Indonesian Red Cross (PMI). UTD PMI Pekanbaru City only has a web-based blood donor information system, so UTD PMI Pekanbaru City wants to keep up with the times where many users use smartphones so they want to upgrade from the web version to the Android version. The reason for the improvement of this system aims to reduce hosting costs to be paid when using a web system and Android-based information system does not require typing too much when the user will carry out an order to the system, its use is not limited by space and place, and does not really need a connection that is prime to run the system. Android-Based Donor Information System in the Indonesian Red Cross Blood Transfusion Unit (UTD PMI) Pekanbaru City can help all people to find out about information about blood donations well by using Android-based smartphones as interesting media.

Issues and perspectives of building a regional system of donor services (on the example of Nizhny Novgorod region)

Aim: to determine the perspectives of development a regional system of donor services (on the example of Nizhny Novgorod region) based on analysis of current results of its activity.Materials and methods. Protocols of the donor’s initial examination, acts of organ removal for transplantation, questionnaires of 266 doctors of donor bases in the region. Research methods: sociological, statistical.Results. The efficacy of the system of collaboration between the participants of organ donation existing in Nizhny Novgorod region is mainly determined by the activity of doctors on donor bases. According to the results of the questioning of doctors, the most significant factor determining their inclination to collaborate with the Center of organ donation is the direction by the administration of the medical organization (59,3 ± 3,0%). Only 11,1 ± 1,3% of the interviewed doctors stressed their understanding of the importance of the development of organ transplantation programs. As a result, the number of hospitals actually reporting the presence of donors was a half of the number established by the local administration of medical services in 2009. This indicator decreased more than 50% by 2017. During the period of 2009–2017, 488 calls of donor services were registered, while 354 calls ended up being ineffective mainly due to low level of qualification among the specialists of donor bases. During the examined period, there were registered 83 posthumous removals of donor organs with the death of the subjects being mainly (87,6 ± 3,4%) caused by an infarction of cerebral blood circulation. The losses of the donor resource resulted from inability to receive organs from persons who died as a result of injuries due to the rejection of their relatives (49 cases).Conclusion. Optimization of the use of the donor resource of the region is possible only if the development of the organ donation program is promoted at the level of the territorial public health authority. In the case of solving this issue, it is hypothetically possible for the region to achieve an indicator of donor activity of 25 per 1 mln. person.

ORGAN DONATION AND TRANSPLANTATION IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN 2015. 8th report of National Register

Aim. To carry out monitoring of the organization and development of the organ donation and transplantation in theRussian Federationaccording to 2015.Materials and methods. Questioning of heads of all the centers of transplantation is carried out. The comparative analysis of the obtained data in dynamics by years, between certain regions of theRussian Federation, the transplantation centers is done.Results. According to the register in2015 inthe Russian Federation 36 centers of renal transplantation, 17 centers of liver transplantation and 10 centers of heart transplantation were functioning. The waiting list of kidney transplantation in 2015 included 4167 potential recipients that make 13% of the total number of the patients (31 500) receiving a dialysis. The rate of donor activity in 2015 made 3.0 pmp. Efficiency of donor programs in 2015 continues to increase: the share of multiorgan retrievals made 57.8%, average number of organs, received from one effective donor, made 2.7. In 2015 the rate of kidney transplantation made 6.5 pmp; the rate of liver transplantation made 2.2 pmp; the rate of heart transplantation made 1.2 pmp. The number of transplantations of liver and heart in theRussian Federationcontinues to increase. The number of transplantations of kidney remains approximately at one level in the range of 950–1050.Moscowcapital region continues to be the center of stability and development of the organ donation and transplantation in the country, in which 10 centers of transplantation are functioning and nearly a half from all kidney transplantations and more than 65% of all liver and heart transplantations are carried out.Conclusion. The potential for further development of the transplantation care in theRussian Federationcontinues to persist. In particular, at the expense of increasing efficiency of regional donation programs, expanding practices of multiorgan recuperation and transplantations of extrarenal organs, through interregional transplant coordination. It is critical to keep the volumes of the state order to deliver transplantological medical care to the population and to implement federal funding to conduct donation programs.

ORGAN DONATION AND TRANSPLANTATION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN 2014 7th REPORT OF NATIONAL REGISTER

Aim. To carry out monitoring of the organization and development of organ donation and transplantation in the Russian Federation according to 2014. Materials and methods. Questioning of heads of all the centers of transplantation is carried out. The comparative analysis of the obtained data in dynamics of years, between certain regions of the Russian Federation, the transplantation centers, and also with data of the international registers is made. Results. According to the Register in 2014 in the Russian Federation functioned 36 centers of kidney transplantation, 14 centers of liver transplantation and 9 centers of heart transplantation. The waiting list of kidney transplantation in 2014 included 4636 potential recipients that makes 16% of total number of the patients 29 000 receiving dialysis. The rate of donor activity in 2014 made 3.2 per million population (pmp). Efficiency of donor programs in 2014 continued to increase: the share of effective donors after brain death in 2014 increased to 77.2%, the share of multiorgan explantation made 50.5%, average number of organs received from one effective donor made 2.6. In 2014 the rate of kidney transplantation made 7.0 pmp, the rate of liver transplantation made 2.1 pmp and the rate of heart transplantation made 1.1 pmp. In the Russian Federation the number of transplantations of liver and heart continues to increase. The significant contribution to development of the organ donation and transplantation brings the Moscow region in which 11 centers of transplantation function and nearly a half from all kidney transplantations and more than 65% of all liver and heart transplantations are carried out. Conclusion. In theRussian Federation the potential for further development of the transplantology remains. In particular, at the expense of increase in the efficiency of regional donation programs, introduction of technologies, expansion of the practices of multiorgan donation and transplantations of extrarenal organs, interregional transplant coordination. Preservation of volumes of public funding for transplantological medical care and federal financing of donation programs in regions are of great importance.