Energetic Neutral Atom Distribution on the Lunar Surface and Its Relationship with Solar Wind Conditions

The Advanced Small Analyzer for Neutrals (ASAN) on board the Chang’E-4 Yutu-2 rover first detected energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) originating from the lunar surface at various lunar local times on the lunar farside. In this work, we examine the ENA energy spectra, obtained in the first 23 lunar days from 2019 January 11 to 2020 October 12, and find a higher ENA differential flux on the lunar dawnside than on the duskside. Combined with Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of the Moon’s Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) data, we analyze the correlation between the ENA differential flux and solar wind parameters, such as flux, density, dynamic pressure, and velocity, for each ASAN energy channel on the dawnside and duskside. The results show that ENA differential flux is positively correlated with solar wind flux, density, and dynamic pressure and relatively lower on the duskside than on the dawnside. To determine the relationship between solar wind energy and ENA energy, we analyze the correlation between solar wind energy and ENA cutoff energy and temperature on the dawnside and duskside. The results show that the ENA cutoff energy and temperature are lower on the duskside than on the dawnside at the same solar wind energy. The difference between the ENA–solar wind observation on the dawnside and duskside is possibly caused by solar wind deflection and deceleration on the duskside, which can be attributed to the interaction between solar wind and the lunar magnetic anomalies located nearby in the northwestern direction of the Chang’E-4 landing site.

Plasma and magnetic field conditions during radar blackouts at Mars.

<p>Large scale solar wind disturbances such as Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections (ICMEs) have a major impact on planetary systems.  At Mars, for example, Solar Energetic Particles released during the process that creates the ICME cause large scale radar blackouts as a result of enhanced ionisation at lower altitudes than normal.  The increased absorption of the radar signals can last for up to 10 – 12 days, depending on the operational frequency of the radar.  These events occur at all latitudes and local times but there does appear to be a peak in occurrence at a solar zenith angle of about 160o, i.e. deep in the tail of the Martian plasma system. Using data from MAVEN, Mars Express and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter we investigate the background plasma  and magnetic field conditions, which occur at the same time as these events to investigate how the SEP impact on the nightside atmosphere.  This will provide crucial evidence for plasma transport in the Martian system, in particular during the passage of ICMEs.</p>

Sulfuric acid vapor and sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere of Venus as observed by the Venus Express Radio Science Experiment VeRa

<p>The main cloud deck within Venus' atmosphere, which covers the entire planet between approx. 50 and 70 km altitude, is believed to consist mostly of liquid sulfuric acid. The temperature below the main clouds is high enough to evaporate the H2SO4 droplets into gaseous sulfuric acid forming a haze layer which extends to altitudes as deep as 35 km. Gaseous sulfuric acid in Venus’ lower atmosphere is responsible for a strong absorption of radio waves as seen in Mariner, Pioneer Venus, Magellan and Venera radio science observations. Radio wave absorption measurements can be used to derive the amount of H2SO4 in Venus’ atmosphere. The radio science experiment VeRa onboard Venus Express probed the atmosphere of Venus between 2006 and 2014 with radio signals at 13 cm (S-band) and 3.6 cm (X-band) wavelengths. The orbit of the Venus Express spacecraft allowed to sound the atmosphere over a wide range of latitudes and local times providing a global picture of the sulfuric acid vapor distribution. We present the global H2SO4(g) distribution derived from the X-band radio signal attenuation for the time of the entire Venus Express mission. The observation is compared with results obtained from a 2-D transport model. The VeRa observations were additionally used to estimate the abundance of SO2 near the cloud bottom. The global distribution of SO2 at these altitudes is presented and compared with results obtained from other experiments. Eight years of VEX observation allow to study the long-term evolution of H2SO4 and SO2. The latter is presented for the northern polar region.</p>

Regularity of Local Times Associated with Volterra–Lévy Processes and Path-Wise Regularization of Stochastic Differential Equations

We investigate the space-time regularity of the local time associated with Volterra–Lévy processes, including Volterra processes driven by $$\alpha $$ α -stable processes for $$\alpha \in (0,2]$$ α ∈ ( 0 , 2 ] . We show that the spatial regularity of the local time for Volterra–Lévy process is $${\mathbb {P}}$$ P -a.s. inverse proportional to the singularity of the associated Volterra kernel. We apply our results to the investigation of path-wise regularizing effects obtained by perturbation of ordinary differential equations by a Volterra–Lévy process which has sufficiently regular local time. Following along the lines of Harang and Perkowski (2020), we show existence, uniqueness and differentiability of the flow associated with such equations.

Decoupling on the Wiener Space, Related Besov Spaces, and Applications to BSDEs

We introduce a decoupling method on the Wiener space to define a wide class of anisotropic Besov spaces. The decoupling method is based on a general distributional approach and not restricted to the Wiener space. The class of Besov spaces we introduce contains the traditional isotropic Besov spaces obtained by the real interpolation method, but also new spaces that are designed to investigate backwards stochastic differential equations (BSDEs). As examples we discuss the Besov regularity (in the sense of our spaces) of forward diffusions and local times. It is shown that among our newly introduced Besov spaces there are spaces that characterize quantitative properties of directional derivatives in the Malliavin sense without computing or accessing these Malliavin derivatives explicitly. Regarding BSDEs, we deduce regularity properties of the solution processes from the Besov regularity of the initial data, in particular upper bounds for their L p L_p -variation, where the generator might be of quadratic type and where no structural assumptions, for example in terms of a forward diffusion, are assumed. As an example we treat sub-quadratic BSDEs with unbounded terminal conditions. Among other tools, we use methods from harmonic analysis. As a by-product, we improve the asymptotic behaviour of the multiplicative constant in a generalized Fefferman inequality and verify the optimality of the bound we established.

DESYNCHRONIZATION, TEMPORALITY AND ANTI-HUMANISM: THE PROBLEM OF BIOCAPITALISM STABILITY

For a significant number of researchers, the theoretical and methodological prerequisite for the analysis of biocapitalism is the "local knowledge" model. It is characterized by the fact that the research position is ethically loaded: the only possible way to talk about various forms of capital is associated with the need to give the floor to representatives of social groups subjected to discrimination and exploitation. This requirement leads to the elimination of biocapital as a research problem, its transformation into a non-object. Such disregard for biocapital leads to the impossibility of an adequate assessment of the risks associated with the development of biotechnologies. An important step towards the creation of a theory of biocapitalism is the appeal to the concept of "theoretical anti-humanism" proposed by Louis Althusser. Based on this methodological principle, biocapitalism should be considered as a set of non-objective processes based on the movement of value, whose continuity is rooted in the special modes of functioning of biotechnologies. One aspect of biotechnologies is their ability to create, modify, and control "local times" i.e., the flow rates of various processes. These opportunities become a source of profit for bio-capital. Explication of the conditions of such capital work shows that any biotechnological innovation becomes what is called in the language of actor-network theory a "point of mandatory passage" – a point of connection of the interests of a set of heterogeneous actors. Each of the actors connects their own social expectations with the existence of the technology. Thus, the desire to use oocytes frozen in the biobank suggests the need to maintain the existing technoinfrastructure. Thus, the desynchronization that occurs when using biotechnologies is a way to preserve the available method of capital production, which leads to the idea that there is no alternative to biocapitalism.

The Stäckel theorem in the Lagrangian formalism and the use of local times

We show that the conditions for the separability of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation given by the Stäckel theorem imply that, making use of the elementary Lagrangian formalism, one can find $n$ functionally independent constants of motion, where $n$ is the number of degrees of freedom. We also show that this result can be linked to the fact that the Lagrangian for a system of this class is related to the sum of $n$ one-dimensional Lagrangians, if one makes use of multiple local times.