Polyamines Involved in Regulating Self-Incompatibility in Apple

Apple exhibits typical gametophytic self-incompatibility, in which self-S-RNase can arrest pollen tube growth, leading to failure of fertilization. To date, there have been few studies on how to resist the toxicity of self-S-RNase. In this study, pollen tube polyamines were found to respond to self-S-RNase and help pollen tubes defend against self-S-RNase. In particular, the contents of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine in the pollen tube treated with self-S-RNase were substantially lower than those treated with non-self-S-RNase. Further analysis of gene expression of key enzymes in the synthesis and degradation pathways of polyamines found that the expression of DIAMINE OXIDASE 4 (MdDAO4) as well as several polyamine oxidases such as POLYAMINE OXIDASES 3 (MdPAO3), POLYAMINE OXIDASES 4 (MdPAO4), and POLYAMINE OXIDASES 6 (MdPAO6) were significantly up-regulated under self-S-RNase treatment, resulting in the reduction of polyamines. Silencing MdPAO6 in pollen tubes alleviates the inhibitory effect of self-S-RNase on pollen tube growth. In addition, exogenous polyamines also enhance pollen tube resistance to self-S-RNase. Transcriptome sequencing data found that polyamines may communicate with S-RNase through the calcium signal pathway, thereby regulating the growth of the pollen tubes. To summarize, our results suggested that polyamines responded to the self-incompatibility reaction and could enhance pollen tube tolerance to S-RNase, thus providing a potential way to break self-incompatibility in apple.

Pemilihan Susu Formula Terbaik Untuk Usia Anak 1 - 3 Tahun Dengan Metode Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) Pada Distributor Aneka Susu Bekasi

Breast milk is the best nutrition for toddlers, but not all babies and toddlers get breast milk from their mothers. Many factors cause children not to get breast milk from their mothers, therefore formula milk is created as a substitute for breast milk. Not all babies or toddlers are suitable for 1 type of formula milk, this is due to an allergic reaction or a child's incompatibility reaction to some of the content contained in formula milk, therefore parents need to be careful so that they are not mistaken in giving formula milk. The best step is to consult an expert regarding the child's condition. There are methods that can provide alternative choices for mothers in considering formula feeding their children. The Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method is considered suitable for overcoming the problem of choosing formula milk, because this method can include several criteria at once, then a ranking of several selected alternatives is carried out. Of the 3 alternatives included in this study, 50% chose soy milk, 40% amino acid milk, and 10% effective hydrolyzed milk. Keywords: Decision Support Systems, Formula Milk, Simple Additive Weighting. Abstrak ASI merupakan nutrisi paling baik untuk balita, namun tidak semua bayi dan balita mendapatkan ASI dari ibu mereka. Banyak faktor yang menyebabkan anak tidak mendapatkan ASI dari ibunya, oleh sebab itu diciptakan susu formula sebagai pengganti ASI. Tidak semua bayi atau balita cocok dengan 1 jenis susu formula, hal ini disebabkan karena adanya reaksi alergi atau reaksi ketidakcocokan anak terhadap beberapa kandungan yang terdapat pada susu formula, karenanya perlu ketelitian orang tua agar tidak keliru dalam memberikan susu formula. Langkah terbaik adalah dengan berkonsultasi pada ahli berkaitan dengan kondisi anak. Terdapat metode yang dapat memberikan alternatif pilihan pada ibu dalam mempertimbangkan pemberian susu formula pada anak mereka. Metode Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) dinilai cocok untuk mengatasi masalah dalam memilih susu formula, sebab metode ini dapat memasukkan beberapa kriteria sekaligus, kemudian dilakukan perangkingan dari beberapa alternatif terpilih. Dari 3 alternatif yang dimasukkan dalam penelitian ini diperoleh hasil sebanyak 50% memilih susu soya, 40% susu asam amino, dan 10% susu hidrolisis efektif. Kata kunci: Simple Additive Weighting, Sistem Penunjang Keputusan, Susu Formula.

RNA-Seq analysis of compatible and incompatible styles of Pyrus species at the beginning of pollination

In Rosaceae, incompatible pollen can penetrate into the style during the gametophytic self-incompatibility response. It is therefore considered a stylar event rather than a stigmatic event. In this study, we explored the differences in gene expression between compatibility and incompatibility in the early stage of pollination. The self-compatible pear variety “Jinzhuili” is a naturally occurring bud mutant from “Yali”, a leading Chinese native cultivar exhibiting typical gametophytic self-incompatibility. We collected the styles of ‘Yali’ and ‘Jinzhuili’ at 0.5 and 2 h after self-pollination and then performed high-throughput sequencing. According to the pathway enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes, “plant-pathogen interaction” was the most represented pathway. Quantitative PCR was used to validate these differential genes. The expression levels of genes related to pollen growth and disease inhibition, such as LRR (LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT EXTENSIN), resistance, and defensin, differed significantly between compatible and incompatible pollination. Interestingly, at 0.5 h, most of these genes were upregulated in the compatible pollination system compared with the incompatible pollination system. Calcium ion transport, which requires ATPase, also demonstrated upregulated expression. In summary, the self-incompatibility reaction was initiated when the pollen came into contact with the stigma.

Pollen tube incompatibility reaction on the stigma in selfpollinated Sinapis alba L.

After selfpollination of <em>Sinapis alba</em> L. pollen tubes growth is inhibited on the stigma. The pollen grains germinate 3-4 hours after pollination. The pollen give rise to one or more pollen tubes. They grow along the papillae. In the place of contact between the papilla and pollen tube the pellicula is digested. Then the direction of pollen tube growth changes completely. Pollen tubes grow back on the exine of their own pollen grain, or turn into the air. The pollen tubes growth was inhibited in 6-8 hours after selfpollination. After crosspollination usually there is no incompatibility reaction.

Potentiation of Mycovirus Transmission by Zinc Compounds via Attenuation of Heterogenic Incompatibility in Rosellinia necatrix

ABSTRACTHeterogenic incompatibility is considered a defense mechanism against deleterious intruders such as mycovirus.Rosellinia necatrixshows strong heterogenic incompatibility. In the heterogenic incompatibility reaction, the approaching hyphae hardly anastomosed, a distinctive barrage line formed, and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled hyphae quickly lost their fluorescence when encountering incompatible hyphae. In this study, transmission of a hypovirulence-conferring mycovirus to strains with different genetic backgrounds was attempted. Various chemical reagents considered to affect the programmed cell death pathway or cell wall modification were examined. Treatment with zinc compounds was shown to aid in transmission of mycoviruses to strains with different genetic backgrounds. In incompatible pairings, treatment with zinc compounds accelerated hyphal anastomosis; moreover, cytosolic GFP was transmitted to the newly joined hyphae. These results suggest that zinc compounds not only increase hyphal anastomosis but also attenuate heterogenic incompatibility.