Obituary: Dr Gordon Charles Hard (1931-2021)

Dr Gordon Hard, of Tairua, New Zealand, a preeminent international toxicology thought leader and international consultant in toxicologic pathology of the kidney, passed on November 22, 2021. He was a key player in shaping and developing the global field of toxicologic pathology and the role of toxicologic pathology in risk assessment of environmental chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

782. A Comparison of Four Different Sampling Methods Used to Recover Contamination from Environmental Surfaces

Background We hypothesized that sampling tools with the largest surface area would be the most efficient at recovering bacteria. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated four different sampling methods to see which was most effective at recovering bacteria from common environmental surfaces. Methods At UNC Medical Center, a 951 bed academic facility, we tested four collection methods: swabs, RODAC (replicate organism detection and counting) plates, Sponge Sticks with manual extraction and Sponge Sticks using extraction with the Seward Stomacher. Laminate and stainless steel surfaces (100 cm²) were used for testing. Known quantities of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) were applied across the test surfaces, then allowed to dry prior to sampling. Swab samples were collected by rubbing a moistened swab over the test surface, followed by a dry swab. Both swab tips were broken into a tube of saline and mixed. An aliquot of each was inoculated to agar plates. Each RODAC agar plate was pressed onto a test surface. Sponge Stick samples were collected by rubbing a pre-moistened sponge over the test surface. Each sponge head was ejected into a bag containing saline. For manual agitation, each bag was kneaded by hand for 1 minute. For Stomacher method, bags were processed for 1 minute. The contents of each bag were poured into tubes, then centrifuged. The supernatant was removed from each tube. An aliquot of each was inoculated to agar plates. Plates were incubated at 35°C, then colonies were counted for each plate. Results Comparative recovery rates across surfaces, organism types and sampling methods are shown in the table. Conclusion Organism type, not sampling method, appeared to the most important factor in bacterial recovery. Recovery of SA was significantly higher than KP, likely because it was able to better withstand manipulation and the physical stress of drying on test surfaces. The sampling tool appeared to have the second largest impact. RODAC yielded the highest recovery, followed by swabs, then sponges. Knowing the variable recovery based on method, surface and organism is important for meaningful interpretation of environmental surveillance conducted during outbreak investigations or quality assurance monitoring. Disclosures William Rutala, MS, MPH, PhD, PDI (Professional Disposibles International) (Consultant) David J. Weber, MD, MPH, PDI (Consultant)

Gambaran Pemberian Terapi Kegel Exercise terhadap Inkontinensia Urine pada Ibu Postpartum

Pendahuluan: Postpartum atau masa nifas adalah masa yang dimulai setelah kelahiran plasenta dan berakhir saat alat-alat kandungan kembali seperti keadaan sebelum hamil. Salah satu permasalahan pada ibu postpartum adalah inkontinensia urin. Inkontinensia urine merupakan ketidakmampuan seseorang untuk menahan keluarnya urine. Kegel exercise adalah tindakan non farmakologi yang dapat digunakan untuk memperkuat otot-otot dasar panggul. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran pemberian intervensi kegel exercise terhadap inkontinensia urin pada ibu postpartum di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Gedong Air Bandar Lampung. Metode penelitian menggunakan penelitian deskriptif. Penelitian ini melibatkan dua partisipan yaitu dua ibu postpartum. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah lembar observasi dan lembar kuesioner International Consultant Incontinence Questionnaire-Urine Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UISF). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada partisipan pertama tidak terjadi inkontinensia urin di hari keenam dan partisipan kedua tidak mengalami inkontinensia urin pada hari ketujuh. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didapakan hasil bahwa teknik kegel exercise dapat direkomendasikan untuk mencegah terjadinya inkontinensia urin pada ibu postpartum. Saran: Direkomendasikan latihan kegel exercise pada ibu postpartum dapat diberikan untuk mencegah atau mengatasi inkontinensia urin.

Kajian Tarif Angkutan Umum Bus Damri Rute BIL – Kota Matram Berdasarkan Biaya Operasional Kendaraan

The increasing amount of people traveling in the city of Mataram causes the demand for satisfactory public transportation both in terms of quantity and quality. Damri Bus is one of the transportation that provides passenger public transportation services with one of the routes, specifically Lombok International Airport (LIA) - Mataram. The purpose of this research is to find out how much the Damri Bus passenger transportation rates are based on vehicle operating costs (VOC) route BIL - Mataram. The method used to analyze passenger transportation rates based on VOC is using the PCI (Pacific International Consultant) method. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that the Damri Bus VOC is Rp 2,788,439, while the results of the data analysis based on the VOC obtained average rates in the Morning is Rp15,015, in the Noon is Rp 13,223 and in the Afternoon is Rp 42,262, with an average tariff is Rp 23,499 , 89. The actual tariff of Damri Bus routes BIL - Mataram is Rp. 30,000, the results show that the results of the tariff analysis with the actual tariff are still appropriate.

INKONTINENSIA URIN PADA LANSIA PEREMPUAN

Inkontinensia urin merupakan salah satu gangguan perkemihan yang terjadi pada lanjut usia. Kejadian inkontinensia urin dapat disebabkan karena menurunnya fungsi kandung kemih dan penurunan otot disekitar saluran kemih. Banyak pendapat yang menyatakan bahwa kejadian inkontinensia urin paling sering terjadi pada perempuan. Untuk memastikan hal tersebut, maka tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan antara jeniskelamindengan inkontinensiaurinpada lansia. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian kuantitatif korelasi . penggumpulan data dilakukan dengan kuesioner. Responden merupakan seluruh lansia yang mengalami inkontinensia urin. Instrument yang digunakan adalah International Consultant Incontinence Questionnaire-Urine Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UISF).51 responden dilibatkan dalam penelitian ini dengan teknik concecutive sampling. Uji analisis data menggunakan Chi-Square.Hasil analisis data didapatkan jenis kelamin perempuan mengalami inkontinensia urin sebanyak 35 (68.6%) responden, sedangkan jenis kelamin laki-laki sebanyak 16 (31.4%) responden. Adapun derajat inkontinensia berat sebanyak 31 (60.8%) responden dan derajat inkontinensia sedang sebesar 20 (39.2%). Ada hubungan antara jenis kelamin dengan inkontinensia urin pada lansia dengan nilai p< 0,05 dengan nilai Odd Ratio (OR) 4.1 (1.2 – 14.5). Perlu adanya penelitian lanjutan terkait dampak inkontinensia urin pada kualitas hidup lansia. Kata Kunci : Inkontinensia Urin, Jenis Kelamin, Lansia

Notes of a Journeymen Architect

<p>This paper discusses the implications of travel for designs as well as their designers from the ‘foreign’ perspective of Bridge Architects working across international markets, using project examples from the USA, Canada, Europe, India, Australia and the Middle East.</p><p>The world is shrinking. Technology, knowledge exchange and globalization have all but dissolved professional borders across our 195 countries and 38 standard time zones. In all parts of the globe the rules of physics are identical and the typological range of bridges is equally limited everywhere. This coincidence of facts mean that the specific skills of bridge designers are highly transferable, but it does not follow that every market is the same. Regulations, standards, capabilities and expectations vary widely, which fundamentally alters what is possible in the field of forward-thinking infrastructure. A pragmatic and flexible approach is necessary in addressing the variances and vagaries of the international market. We cannot design in the same way in every place, and do not seek to impose a pre-conceived aesthetic or formal agenda to any project. As Architects we simply aim to achieve the very best results within the local constraints. As ‘foreign’ Architects (which we are almost without exception) we tread the thin line between international expertise and cultural mis- appropriation. In the age of transition between physical and virtual working methods, the international consultant can, and should, leave both their ego and their passports at home but pack a case full of cultural awareness and enough flexibility to account for the unexpected.</p>

Architectural Practicing in the Era of Globalization. (Saudi Market as a Case Study)

In the era of free trade and open markets, international consultant firms started to take over the local markets. Local graduates are required to acquire certain skills and knowledge to compete in their local markets with the international graduates. Local architectural teaching institutes are required to equip their graduates with the needed skills and knowledge. Gulf construction and design market are one of the biggest markets in the world. Saudi Arabia, with its 646.44 billion Dollar GDB, considered as the biggest market in the Gulf area. The Saudi vision of 2030 concentrates on economical sustainability and developing citizens. In this regard, this research investigates the competitiveness of the Saudi educational outputs in the era of globalization and open markets. To achieve its objectives, the research analyzes the different scopes of practicing architecture specially in the design consultation field. International design firms working in the GCC counties and their required skills for positions were presented and analyzed. Moreover, educational architectural curriculums were investigated and tested against the required skills by international firms. The paper concluded with suggestions regarding to architectural programs and their curriculums that will enable Saudi graduates to fulfill the international consultation market required qualifications and skills.

Architectural Practicing in the Era of Globalization. (Saudi Market as a Case Study)

In the era of free trade and open markets, international consultant firms started to take over the local markets. Local graduates are required to acquire certain skills and knowledge to compete in their local markets with the international graduates. Local architectural teaching institutes are required to equip their graduates with the needed skills and knowledge. Gulf construction and design market are one of the biggest markets in the world. Saudi Arabia, with its 646.44 billion Dollar GDB, considered as the biggest market in the Gulf area. The Saudi vision of 2030 concentrates on economical sustainability and developing citizens. In this regard, this research investigates the competitiveness of the Saudi educational outputs in the era of globalization and open markets. To achieve its objectives, the research analyzes the different scopes of practicing architecture specially in the design consultation field. International design firms working in the GCC counties and their required skills for positions were presented and analyzed. Moreover, educational architectural curriculums were investigated and tested against the required skills by international firms. The paper concluded with suggestions regarding to architectural programs and their curriculums that will enable Saudi graduates to fulfill the international consultation market required qualifications and skills.