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2021 ◽  
pp. 089976402110574
Author(s):  
Matthew A. Painter

Membership in voluntary associations is of core importance to civil society. In this study, I build on the large literature that focuses on how community racial/ethnic diversity affects individuals’ joining of—and participation within—voluntary associations. The central focus is on White ethnicity or European ancestry, which I analyze using the 2004 Iowa Community Survey and 2000 U.S. Census data. I find that White ethnic diversity is associated with fewer overall memberships and less frequent participation, with differing effects for various large groupings of voluntary organizations. I close our study by discussing the implications of my findings for organizations and the broader community.


2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (3 (181)) ◽  
pp. 19-38
Author(s):  
Anna D. Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann

In the post-World War II decades, urban renewal became a part of the larger vision for the revitalization of American cities. Between 1949 and 1974, federal legislation provided a legal and economic framework for demolition of so-called blighted areas and replacing them with new modern housing, infrastructure, and facilities for services and commerce. It was a response to the perceived urban crisis: a move of city residents to the suburbs and collapse of the tax base, congestion of urban areas, and aging urban infrastructure. The areas slated for demolition or highway construction belonged often to communities of color and to older urban working-class white ethnic communities. This article examines the responses of various white ethnic groups, including American Polonia, to the local plans of urban renewal, which ranged from apathy, to acceptance and support, to internal mobilization and protest, to coalition building and political action.


10.2196/28349 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. e28349
Author(s):  
Chris Keyworth ◽  
Rory O'Connor ◽  
Leah Quinlivan ◽  
Christopher J Armitage

Background The volitional help sheet (VHS) for self-harm equips people with a means of responding automatically to triggers for self-harm with coping strategies. Although there is some evidence of its efficacy, improving acceptability and making the intervention available in a web-based format may be crucial to increasing effectiveness and reach. Objective This study aims to use the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability (TFA) to explore the acceptability of the VHS, examine for whom and under what circumstances this intervention is more or less acceptable, and develop a series of recommendations for how the VHS can be used to support people in reducing repeat self-harm. Methods We explored acceptability in two phases. First, our patient and public involvement partners evaluated the original VHS from a lived experience perspective, which was subsequently translated into a web-based format. Second, a representative sample of adults in the United Kingdom who had previously self-harmed were recruited via a YouGov survey (N=514) and were asked to rate the acceptability of the VHS based on the seven constructs of the TFA, namely, affective attitude, burden, perceived effectiveness, ethicality, intervention coherence, opportunity costs, and self-efficacy. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-tailed t tests, and binary logistic regression. A directed content analysis approach was used to analyze qualitative data. Results Participants in the web-based survey rated the VHS as positive (affective attitude; t457=4.72; P<.001); were confident using it (self-efficacy; t457=9.54; P<.001); felt they did not have to give up any benefits, profits, or values when using it (opportunity costs; t439=−15.51; P<.001); understood it and how it worked (intervention coherence; t464=11.90; P<.001); and were confident that it would achieve its purpose (perceived effectiveness; t466=2.04; P=.04). The TFA domain burden appeared to be an important indicator of acceptability. Lower levels of perceived burden when using the VHS tool were more prevalent among younger adults aged 18-24 years (OR 3.63, 95% CI 1.50-8.78), people of White ethnic background (OR 3.02, 95% CI 1.06-8.613), and people without a long-term health condition (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.01-2.30). Perceived modifications to further improve acceptability included improved formatting (burden), the feature to add new situations and responses or amend existing ones (ethicality), and clearer instructions and further detail about the purpose of the VHS (intervention coherence). Conclusions Our findings show high levels of acceptability among some people who have previously self-harmed, particularly among younger adults, people of White ethnic backgrounds, and people without long-term health conditions. Future research should aim to improve acceptability among older adults, people from minority ethnic groups, and people with long-term health conditions.


2021 ◽  
pp. archdischild-2020-321045
Author(s):  
Charles Hamish Coughlan ◽  
Judith Ruzangi ◽  
Francesca K Neale ◽  
Behrouz Nezafat Maldonado ◽  
Mitch Blair ◽  
...  

ObjectiveTo describe social and ethnic group differences in children’s use of healthcare services in England, from 2007 to 2017.DesignPopulation-based retrospective cohort study.Setting/PatientsWe performed individual-level linkage of electronic health records from general practices and hospitals in England by creating an open cohort linking data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink and Hospital Episode Statistics. 1 484 455 children aged 0–14 years were assigned to five composite ethnic groups and five ordered groups based on postcode mapped to index of multiple deprivation.Main outcome measuresAge-standardised annual general practitioner (GP) consultation, outpatient attendance, emergency department (ED) visit and emergency and elective hospital admission rates per 1000 child-years.ResultsIn 2016/2017, children from the most deprived group had fewer GP consultations (1765 vs 1854 per 1000 child-years) and outpatient attendances than children in the least deprived group (705 vs 741 per 1000 child-years). At the end of the study period, children from the most deprived group had more ED visits (447 vs 314 per 1000 child-years) and emergency admissions (100 vs 76 per 1000 child-years) than children from the least deprived group.In 2016/2017, children from black and Asian ethnic groups had more GP consultations than children from white ethnic groups (1961 and 2397 vs 1824 per 1000 child-years, respectively). However, outpatient attendances were lower in children from black ethnic groups than in children from white ethnic groups (732 vs 809 per 1000 child-years). By 2016/2017, there were no differences in outpatient, ED and in-patient activity between children from white and Asian ethnic groups.ConclusionsBetween 2007 and 2017, children living in more deprived areas of England made greater use of emergency services and received less scheduled care than children from affluent neighbourhoods. Children from Asian and black ethnic groups continued to consult GPs more frequently than children from white ethnic groups, though black children had significantly lower outpatient attendance rates than white children across the study period. Our findings suggest substantial levels of unmet need among children living in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas. Further work is needed to determine if healthcare utilisation among children from Asian and black ethnic groups is proportionate to need.


2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-82
Author(s):  
Lomarsh Roopnarine

Two white ethnic minorities, Jews and Frenchies, are rather unusual in St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands. The Jews arrived during the period of slavery and participated in the economic colonialism of islands, retaining a prominent position in the Virgin Islands. The Frenchies in St. Thomas arrived from St. Barths after slavery. These white minorities have expanded connections between friends and families as well as in their departed homeland and the Virgin Islands. Their strong religious beliefs and in-group solidarity allowed them to remain in the sociological and economic comfort zones of St. Thomas. In modern times, they have branched out from their insular zones and merged their mores and folkways and their peasant and professional ways, on their gradual terms, with those of other ethnic Virgin Islanders, bringing themselves closer to Virgin Islands society as evidenced by their younger generation.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Allington ◽  
Siobhan McAndrew ◽  
Bobby Duffy ◽  
Vivienne Louisa Moxham-Hall

IntroductionIn the UK, actual uptake of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19, has exceeded expectations formed from studies conducted in 2020. However, it remains lower among members of other than white ethnic groups, and among younger people. Some evidence exists to suggest that the ethnic gap in vaccine uptake might be partially explained by lower trust, while one study carried out before the vaccination programme rollout suggested that variation in vaccine hesitancy can be explained by differences in trust and healthcare experiences, without reference to demographic variables such as age and ethnicity.MethodsIn April 2021, data were collected from 4885 UK-resident adults, of whom 3223 had received the invitation to be vaccinated against the novel coronavirus. Logit models were used to estimate the association between probability of vaccine uptake and age, gender, ethnicity, household income, NHS healthcare experiences, and trust in government, scientists, and medical professionals. Mediation analysis was conducted in order to probe the relationship between ethnicity, NHS healthcare experiences, trust, and uptake.ResultsGender and household income were not predictive of vaccine uptake. Age and ethnicity were predictive of uptake, even after controls: younger people and members of other than white ethnic groups are less likely to have taken up the invitation to be vaccinated. NHS healthcare experiences appear to mediate a relationship between ethnicity and trust, and also to mediate some of the relationship between ethnicity and uptake (via trust).ConclusionsMembers of other than white ethnic groups report inferior NHS healthcare experiences, which may explain their lower trust in government, scientists, and medical professionals. However, this does not fully explain the ethnic gap in coronavirus vaccination uptake.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Keyworth ◽  
Rory O'Connor ◽  
Leah Quinlivan ◽  
Christopher J Armitage

BACKGROUND The volitional help sheet (VHS) for self-harm equips people with a means of responding automatically to triggers for self-harm with coping strategies. Although there is some evidence of its efficacy, improving acceptability and making the intervention available in a web-based format may be crucial to increasing effectiveness and reach. OBJECTIVE This study aims to use the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability (TFA) to explore the acceptability of the VHS, examine for whom and under what circumstances this intervention is more or less acceptable, and develop a series of recommendations for how the VHS can be used to support people in reducing repeat self-harm. METHODS We explored acceptability in two phases. First, our patient and public involvement partners evaluated the original VHS from a lived experience perspective, which was subsequently translated into a web-based format. Second, a representative sample of adults in the United Kingdom who had previously self-harmed were recruited via a YouGov survey (N=514) and were asked to rate the acceptability of the VHS based on the seven constructs of the TFA, namely, <i>affective attitude, burden, perceived effectiveness, ethicality, intervention coherence, opportunity costs,</i> and <i>self-efficacy</i>. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-tailed <i>t</i> tests, and binary logistic regression. A directed content analysis approach was used to analyze qualitative data. RESULTS Participants in the web-based survey rated the VHS as positive (<i>affective attitude</i>; <i>t</i><sub>457</sub>=4.72; <i>P</i>&lt;.001); were confident using it (self-efficacy; <i>t</i><sub>457</sub>=9.54; <i>P</i>&lt;.001); felt they did not have to give up any benefits, profits, or values when using it (<i>opportunity costs</i>; <i>t</i><sub>439</sub>=−15.51; <i>P</i>&lt;.001); understood it and how it worked (<i>intervention coherence</i>; <i>t</i><sub>464</sub>=11.90; <i>P</i>&lt;.001); and were confident that it would achieve its purpose (<i>perceived effectiveness</i>; <i>t</i><sub>466</sub>=2.04; <i>P</i>=.04). The TFA domain <i>burden</i> appeared to be an important indicator of acceptability. Lower levels of perceived burden when using the VHS tool were more prevalent among younger adults aged 18-24 years (OR 3.63, 95% CI 1.50-8.78), people of White ethnic background (OR 3.02, 95% CI 1.06-8.613), and people without a long-term health condition (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.01-2.30). Perceived modifications to further improve acceptability included improved formatting (<i>burden</i>), the feature to add new situations and responses or amend existing ones (<i>ethicality</i>), and clearer instructions and further detail about the purpose of the VHS (<i>intervention coherence</i>). CONCLUSIONS Our findings show high levels of acceptability among some people who have previously self-harmed, particularly among younger adults, people of White ethnic backgrounds, and people without long-term health conditions. Future research should aim to improve acceptability among older adults, people from minority ethnic groups, and people with long-term health conditions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-42
Author(s):  
Casey Burkholder ◽  
Jianne Soriano ◽  
Alecxis Ramos-Pakit

Hong Kong’s non-white ethnic minorities – including its Filipina residents – are often described in media and policy discourses as a unified group. Speaking back to this misconception, in this article we describe the gendered experiences of two 23-year old Filipinas born and raised in Hong Kong through what Claudia Mitchell has described as girl method – research with girls for girls and about girls’ concerns – in our case producing visual depictions of girlhood in cellphilms (cellphone + filmmaking + intention) and collaborative writing. We write together as co-researchers to extend participatory approaches to research dissemination as we make sense of the changing political situation in Hong Kong in the years since our first collaboration in 2015. Through a polyvocal – many voices writing together – reflection on a cellphilm production project on identities and belonging four years later, we argue that Filipina identity in Hong Kong is complex and multifarious, and we aim to disseminate knowledge by and for Filipina Hong Kongers that speaks back to the erasure of their experiences within larger discourses about Filipinas, gender, and activism in Hong Kong.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Suhail Ismail Shiekh ◽  
Sharon Louise Cadogan ◽  
Liang-Yu Lin ◽  
Rohini Mathur ◽  
Liam Smeeth ◽  
...  

Background: Globally around 50 million people have dementia. Risk factors for dementia such as hypertension and diabetes are more common in Black, Asian, and other ethnic minorities. There are also marked ethnic inequalities in care seeking, likelihood of diagnosis, and uptake of treatments for dementia. Nevertheless, ethnic differences in dementia incidence and prevalence remain under-explored. Objective: To examine published peer-reviewed observational studies comparing age-specific or age-adjusted incidence or prevalence rates of dementia between at least two ethnic groups. Methods: We searched seven databases on 1 September 2019 using search terms for ethnicity, dementia, and incidence or prevalence. We included population-based studies comparing incidence or prevalence of dementia after accounting for age of at least two ethnic groups in adults aged 18 or more. Meta-analysis was conducted for eligible ethnic comparisons. Results: We included 12 cohort studies and seven cross-sectional studies. Thirteen were from the US, and two studies each from the UK, Singapore, and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in China. The pooled risk ratio for dementia incidence obtained from four studies comparing Black and White ethnic groups was 1.33 (95% CI 1.07–1.65; I-squared = 58.0%). The pooled risk ratio for dementia incidence comparing the Asian and White ethnic groups was 0.86 (95% CI 0.728–1.01; I-squared = 43.9%). There was no difference in the incidence of dementia for Latino ethnic group compared to the White ethnic group. Conclusion: Evidence to date suggest there are ethnic differences in risk of dementia. Better understanding of the drivers of these differences may inform efforts to prevent or treat dementia.


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