Influence of fatty acids composition in different tissue of mice feeds with fish oils

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) play an important role in human health. Fish oils enriched with EPA and DHA have commercialized in triacylglycerol (TAG) and ethyl ester forms (EE). In this study, we compared the impact of diets containing fish oil in ethyl ester and triacylglycerol forms as a lipid source in five different tissues as liver, skeleteral muscle, brain, and epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT). The DHA levels were higher in the WAT and skeletal muscle of TAG and EE groups in comparison with the SB group. The body weight and brain, liver, epididymal WAT, and gastrocnemius muscle weights, and serum glucose, TG, cholesterol were not different between the groups. Thus, we conclude that EPA and DHA in the form of EE or TAG influence the fatty acids composition of different tissues.

The Effect of Wall Material Type on the Encapsulation Efficiency and Oxidative Stability of Fish Oils

Fish oil is the primary source of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, which are important nutrients that assist in the prevention and treatment of heart disease and have many health benefits. It also contains vitamins that are lipid-soluble, such as vitamins A and D. This work aimed to determine how the wall material composition influenced the encapsulation efficiency and oxidative stability of omega fish oils in spray-dried microcapsules. In this study, mackerel, sardine waste oil, and sand smelt fish oil were encapsulated in three different wall materials (whey protein, gum Arabic (AG), and maltodextrin) by conventional spray-drying. The effect of the different wall materials on the encapsulation efficiency (EE), flowability, and oxidative stability of encapsulated oils during storage at 4 °C was investigated. All three encapsulating agents provided a highly protective effect against the oxidative deterioration of the encapsulated oils. Whey protein was found to be the most effective encapsulated agent comparing to gum Arabic and maltodextrin. The results indicated that whey protein recorded the highest encapsulation efficiency compared to the gum Arabic and maltodextrin in all encapsulated samples with EE of 71.71%, 68.61%, and 64.71% for sand smelt, mackerel, and sardine oil, respectively. Unencapsulated fish oil samples (control) recorded peroxide values (PV) of 33.19, 40.64, and 47.76 meq/kg oil for sand smelt, mackerel, and sardine oils after 35 days of storage, while all the encapsulated samples showed PV less than 10 in the same storage period. It could be concluded that all the encapsulating agents provided a protective effect to the encapsulated fish oil and elongated the shelf life of it comparing to the untreated oil sample (control). The results suggest that encapsulation of fish oil is beneficial for its oxidative stability and its uses in the production of functional foods.

Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagy Markers in Soleus Muscle Disuse-Induced Atrophy of Rats Treated with Fish Oil

Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and autophagy pathways are implicated in disuse muscle atrophy. The effects of high eicosapentaenoic (EPA) or high docosahexaenoic (DHA) fish oils on soleus muscle ERS and autophagy markers were investigated in a rat hindlimb suspension (HS) atrophy model. Adult Wistar male rats received daily by gavage supplementation (0.3 mL per 100 g b.w.) of mineral oil or high EPA or high DHA fish oils (FOs) for two weeks. Afterward, the rats were subjected to HS and the respective treatments concomitantly for an additional two-week period. After four weeks, we evaluated ERS and autophagy markers in the soleus muscle. Results were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc test. Gastrocnemius muscle ω-6/ω-3 fatty acids (FAs) ratio was decreased by both FOs indicating the tissue incorporation of omega-3 fatty acids. HS altered (p < 0.05) the protein content (decreasing total p38 and BiP and increasing p-JNK2/total JNK2 ratio, and caspase 3) and gene expressions (decreasing BiP and increasing IRE1 and PERK) of ERS and autophagy (decreasing Beclin and increasing LC3 and ATG14) markers in soleus. Both FOs attenuated (p < 0.05) the increase in PERK and ATG14 expressions induced by HS. Thus, both FOs could potentially attenuate ERS and autophagy in skeletal muscles undergoing atrophy.

Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Quality Evaluation of Malaysia Haruan (Channa striatus)and Toman (Channa micropeltes) Fish Oil: Preliminary Quality Analysis Prior to Therapeutic Consumption

The local Channa species used in this research were Channa striatus (haruan) and Channa micropeltes (toman). Both samples were extracted using soxhlet extraction to procure the fish oil and then examined on its physico-chemical properties. The C. micropeltes species shows the highest yield of extracted fish oil (%, w/w) with dry weight basis (9.51 ± 1.20%). The physico-chemical results of the fish oil from haruan and toman were as follows respectively; colour: yellowish dark red for both species, specific gravity: 0.93 ± 0.10, 0.91 ± 0.03; AV: 21.78 ± 2.30 mg KOH/g, 5.55 ± 1.64 mg KOH/g; FFA: 10.95 ± 1.16%, 2.79 ± 0.83% and PV: 18.00 ± 6.56. meq./kg, 14.67 ± 3.79 meq./kg. Both fish oils showed a relatively comparable fatty acid profile. The availability of seven major enriched fatty acid constituents in both fish oils namely dodecanoic acid, 9-hexadecenoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, octadecanoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid andaninfinitesimal amount of arachidonic acid (the main precursor for wound healing process) may perhaps berequisite for therapeutic consumption.

Application of FTIR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics for the Prediction of Radical Scavenging Activities of Fish oils

Patin fish (Pangasius micronemus), Gabus fish (Channa striata) and Bandeng fish (Chanos chanos) are the freshwater fish that are widely cultivated in Indonesia, fish oils extracted are believed has antioxidant activity. The goals of this study was (1) determining antioxidant activities using radical scavenging activity (RSA) 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH), (2) classifying of fish oil from different species and extraction method using principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) and predicting antioxidant activities of fish oil from different species and extraction method using FTIR spectroscopy combined principal component regression (PCR) and partial least square regression (PLS). The results exhibit radical scavenging activity (RSA) of patin fish flesh oil (maceration dried samples using chloroform) giving highest RSA (23.57 ± 0.14). PCA and CA succesfully classify of fish oil from different species and extraction based on PC1 - PC2 score plots and grouping into 4 groups based on dendogram. Optimal PCR method were obtained from second derivative spectra at wavenumbers region 1440 – 1741 cm-1 with highest R2 (0,9794), lowest RMSEC (0,737), and lowest RMSEP (0,927) in calibration and validation models. From this study we can concluded FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics can be classifying and predicting antioxidant activity of fish oil from different species and extraction method successfully.