scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF COVID-19 LOCKDOWN ON AIR QUALITY

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Gautam Gupta ◽  
Bhavya Bhasin ◽  
Sumedha Malhotra
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Air Contamination ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
The World ◽  
Industrial Units

In late 2019, a novel irresistible infection with human to human contagious transmission (COVID-19) was recognized in Wuhan, China, which has transformed into a worldwide pandemic. Nations everywhere in the world have executed a type of lockdown to hinder its contamination and moderate it. Lockdown because of COVID-19 effectively affects social and monetary fronts. In any case, this lockdown likewise has some constructive outcome on regular habitat. The study objective is to think about the adequacy of COVID-19 lockdown on the air contamination around the world. Because of pandemic, all avoidable activities around the globe were prohibited. Ongoing information delivered by NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and ESA (European Space Agency) demonstrates that the contamination level in certain nations has decreased up to 30%. The nationwide halting of public transports and closure of major industrial units has resulted in obvious significant reductions in emissions of a variety of gases related to energy and transport. The decrease of air contamination was firmly connected with movement limitations during this pandemic and five air toxins i.e., SO2, PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and CO have likewise diminished.

scholarly journals Air Quality During COVID-19: Analysis of Particulate Matter for a Coastal Urban Station Visakhapatnam(India)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1925-1935
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
World Population ◽  
Urban Station ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
The World ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pm2.5 And Pm10

The last day of the year 2019 (December 31st), a new infection, coronavirus, was reported from Wuhan (China) to WHO. Subsequently, it was named COVID-19 disease and being declared pandemic on the 11thof March 2020. It was one of the ever faced challenges, and 40 to 60 percent of the world population was estimated to be affected by this virus. This led to severe crises in all countries in terms of economic, social, and environment, emphasizing health. To avoid transmission of this virus worldwide, the lockdown was implemented. This lockdown started on 23rd January 2020 in some parts of the world that impacted the environment and air quality of various cities, depending on their socio-economic conditions. As per the ESA (European Space Agency) and NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), Wuhan experienced a 30% reduction in air pollution. It is a known fact that air pollution has a major impact on human health; the effect of lockdown in various cities and its impact on air pollution prompt us to review some of the recent results published in a nutshell. This paper presented some of the results related to air pollution before and after the announcement of lockdown in various cities around the globe, including Visakhapatnam (India) a polluted coastal urban station with more emphasis on PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations along with air pollutants like NO2, SO2, NO, CO and Relative Humidity.

scholarly journals Air Quality Prediction by Machine Learning

2021 ◽  
pp. 486-492
Author(s):  
Ritik Sharma ◽  
Gaurav Shilimkar ◽  
Shivam Pisal
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Quality Prediction ◽  
Air Contamination ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Air Quality Prediction ◽  
Future Information

The air quality observing framework estimates different air toxins in different areas to keep up great air quality. It is the consuming issue in the current situation. Air is defiled by the appearance of risky gases into the environment from the enterprises, vehicular outflows, and so forth These days, air contamination has arrived at basic levels and the air contamination level in many significant urban areas has crossed the air quality list esteem as set by the public authority. It significantly affects the soundness of the human. With the headway in innovation of ML, it is currently conceivable to anticipate the poisons dependent on the past information. In this paper we are presenting a gadget that can proceed with that can take present poisons and with the assistance of past toxins, we are running a calculation dependent on the ML to anticipate the future information of contaminations. The detected information is saved inside the Excel sheet for additional assessment. These sensors are utilized on the Arduino Uno stage to gather the contamination information.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of Dobson and Brewer Umkehr ozone profile retrievals to ozone cross-sections and stray light effects

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 1841-1853 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Petropavlovskikh ◽  
R. Evans ◽  
G. McConville ◽  
S. Oltmans ◽  
D. Quincy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Stray Light ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Section Data ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Ozone Profile ◽  
The World ◽  
Ozone Monitoring

Abstract. Remote sounding methods are used to derive ozone profile and column information from various ground-based and satellite measurements. Vertical ozone profiles measured in Dobson units (DU) are currently retrieved based on laboratory measurements of the ozone absorption cross-section spectrum between 270 and 400 nm published in 1985 by Bass and Paur (BP). Recently, the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA) proposed using the set of ozone cross-section measurements made at the Daumont laboratory in 1992 (BDM) for revising the Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) satellite ozone profiles and total ozone column retrievals. Dobson Umkehr zenith sky data have been collected by NOAA ground-based stations at Boulder, CO (BDR) and Mauna Loa Observatory, HI (MLO) since the 1980s. The UMK04 algorithm is based on the BP ozone cross-section data. It is currently used for all Dobson Umkehr data processing submitted to the World Ozone and Ultraviolet radiation Data Centre (WOUDC) under the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) program of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Ozone profiles are also retrieved from measurements by the Mark IV Brewers operated by the NOAA-EPA Brewer Spectrophotometer UV and Ozone Network (NEUBrew) using a modified UMK04 algorithm (O3BUmkehr v.2.6, Martin Stanek). This paper describes the sensitivity of the Umkehr retrievals with respect to the proposed ozone cross-section changes. It is found that the ozone cross-section choice only minimally (within the retrieval accuracy) affects the Dobson and the Brewer Umkehr retrievals. On the other hand, significantly larger errors were found in the MLO and Boulder Umkehr ozone data (−8 and +5% bias in stratosphere and troposphere respectively) when the out-of-band (OOB) stray light contribution to the Umkehr measurement is not taken into account (correction is currently not included in the UMK04). The vertical distribution of OOB effect in the retrieved profile can be related to the local ozone climatology, instrument degradation, and optical characteristics of the instrument. Nonetheless, recurring OOB errors do not contribute to the long-term ozone trends.

scholarly journals The impact of the ozone effective temperature on satellite validation using the Dobson spectrophotometer network

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Koukouli ◽  
M. Zara ◽  
C. Lerot ◽  
K. Fragkos ◽  
D. S. Balis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effective Temperature ◽  
Scale Validation ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Post Process ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
The World ◽  
Effective Temperatures ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The main aim of the paper is to demonstrate an approach for post-processing of the Dobson spectrophotometers total ozone columns [TOCs] in order to compensate for their known stratospheric effective temperature (Teff) dependency and its resulting effect on the usage of the Dobson TOCs for satellite TOCs validation. The Dobson observations employed are those routinely submitted to the World Ozone and UV Data Centre (WOUDC) of the World Meteorological Organization whereas the effective temperatures have been extracted from two sources: the European Space Agency, ESA, Ozone Climate Change Initiative, Ozone-CCI, GODFIT version 3 (GOME-type Direct FITting) algorithm applied to the GOME2/MetopA, GOME2A, observations as well as the one derived from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) outputs. Both temperature sources are evaluated utilizing co-located Ozonesonde measurements also retrieved from the WOUDC database. Both GODFIT_v3 and ECMWF Teffs are found to be unbiased against the ozonesonde observations and to agree with high correlation coefficients, especially for latitudes characterized by high seasonal variability in Teff. The validation analysis shows that, when applying the GODFIT_v3 effective temperatures in order to post-process the Dobson TOC, the mean difference between Dobson and GOME2A GODFIT_v3 TOCs moves from 0.63 ± 0.66 to 0.26 ± 0.46 % in the Northern Hemisphere and from 1.25 ± 1.20 to 0.80 ± 0.71 % in the Southern Hemisphere. The existing solar zenith angle dependency of the differences has been smoothed out, with near-zero dependency up to the 60 to 65° bin and the highest deviation decreasing from 2.38 ± 6.6 to 1.37 ± 6.4 % for the 80 to 85° bin. We conclude that the global scale validation of satellite TOCs against collocated Dobson measurements benefits from a post-correction using suitably estimated Teffs.

scholarly journals Enabling the sustainable space era by developing the infrastructure for a space economy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillem Anglada-Escudé
Keyword(s):  
Return On Investment ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Civil Infrastructures ◽  
Road Map ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Scientific Experiments ◽  
The World ◽  
Space Economy

AbstractThe world is changing fast, and so is the space sector. Planning for large scientific experiments two decades ahead may no longer be the most sensible approach. I develop the argument that large science experiments are becoming comparable to terrestrial civil infrastructures in terms of cost. As a result, these should incorporate plans for a return on investment (or impact, not necessarily economic), require a different approach for inter-division coordination within the European Space Agency (ESA), and a broader participation of all society stakeholders (civil society representatives, and the broader public). Defining which experiments will be relevant two decades ahead adds rigidity and quenches creativity to the development of cutting edge science and technology. This is likely to discourage both senior and earlier career professionals into supporting such long-term (and often precarious) plans. A more sensible strategy would be increasing the rate of smaller well understood experiments, engage more society sectors in the development of a truly space-bound infrastructure, and formulate a strategy more in tune with the challenges faced by our society and planet. We argue that such strategy would lead to equally large -even larger- scale experiments in the same time-scale, while providing economic returns and a common sense of purpose. A basic but aggressive road map is outlined.

scholarly journals The Boundary-layer Air Quality-analysis Using Network of INstruments (BAQUNIN) supersite for Atmospheric Research and Satellite Validation over Rome area

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Pollutant Concentrations ◽  
Waste Treatment Plant

Abstract The Boundary-layer Air Quality-analysis Using Network of Instruments (BAQUNIN) supersite is presented. The site has been collecting pollutant concentrations and meteorological parameters since 2017. Currently, BAQUNIN consists of three observation sites located in the city center of Rome (Italy), and in the neighboring semi-rural and rural areas. To the best of our knowledge, BAQUNIN is one of the first observatories in the world to involve several passive and active ground-based instruments installed in multiple locations, managed by different research institutions, in a highly polluted megacity affected by coastal weather regimes. BAQUNIN has been promoted by the European Space Agency to establish an experimental research infrastructure for the validation of present and future satellite atmospheric products and the in-depth investigation of the planetary and urban boundary layers. Here, the main characteristics of the three sites are described, providing information about the complex instrumental suite and the produced data. The supersite adopts a policy of free sharing of its validated dataset with the community. Finally, the BAQUNIN potential is demonstrated with a case study involving a major fire that occurred in a waste treatment plant near the urban center of Rome, and the consequent investigation of the plume properties revealed by different instruments.

scholarly journals Novel Framework for Analyzing Air Quality using MatLab

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 6579-6583
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Personal Satisfaction ◽  
Expert Evaluation ◽  
Air Contamination ◽  
Ecological Control ◽  
Grouping Strategy ◽  
Yield Information ◽  
The World ◽  
The City

Nature of the air in city and urban regions is the most significant factor that legitimately impacts the frequency of infections and diminishes the personal satisfaction. Taking suitable choices in an opportune period relies upon the estimation and examination of the parameters of the ongoing air quality checking. On the other hand air contamination is ecological and a social issue. Air contamination is one of the biggest natural wellbeing dangers in the world today. The utilization of multi-parameter air quality observing frameworks makes it conceivable to do an itemized level investigation of real poisons and their sources. These air quality observing frameworks are significant segments in many shrewd city ventures for checking air quality and for controlling the primary poison fixations in urban zones. In this research work a methodology for practical estimation of air quality is proposed. This application has been tried in the city and the estimation was contrasted and the yield information of the neighborhood ecological control expert stations. The results of the performance analysis demonstrate that this methodology can be utilized as an affordable option in contrast to the expert evaluation frameworks. In this research work an investigation on the contamination by traffic framework utilizing dataset with grouping strategy through MatLab.

The effect of lockdown on the outcomes of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1792-1797
Author(s):  
Kuldip Yawale
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Air Contamination ◽  
Pm10 And Pm2.5 ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Current Article

In the midst of the Coronavirus pandemic, a cross country lockdown is forced in India at first for three weeks from 24th Walk to fourteenth April 2020 and reached out up to third May 2020. Because of the constrained limitations, contamination level in urban areas the nation over radically hindered just inside a couple of days which polarize conversations with respect to lockdown to be the strong elective measures to be actualized for controlling air contamination. The current article, in the long run, chipped away at this heading to view the air quality situation in the midst of the lockdown time frame logically with uncommon reference to the megacity Delhi. With the guide of air quality information of seven toxin boundaries (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO, O3 and NH3) for 34 checking stations spread over the megacity, we have utilized Public Air Quality File (NAQI) to show the spatial example of air quality in pre and during-lockdown stages. The outcomes showed that during lockdown air quality is fundamentally improved. Among the chose toxins, centralizations of PM10 and PM2.5 have seen the greatest decrease (>50%) in contrast with the pre-lockdown stage. In contrast with the most recent year (for example 2019) during the said time span, the decrease of PM10 and PM2.5 is as high as about 60% and 39% separately. Among different toxins, NO2 (−52.68%) and CO (−30.35%) level have likewise decreased during-lockdown stage. About 40% to half improvement in air quality is distinguished soon after four days of starting lockdown. About 54%, 49%, 43%, 37% and 31% decrease in NAQI have been seen in Focal, Eastern, Southern, Western and Northern pieces of the megacity. Generally, the investigation is believed to be a valuable enhancement to the administrative bodies since it indicated the contamination source control could constrict the air quality. Brief such source control in an appropriate time span may recuperate the climate.

scholarly journals The impact of the ozone effective temperature on satellite validation using the Dobson spectrophotometer network

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 2055-2065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Elissavet Koukouli ◽  
Marina Zara ◽  
Christophe Lerot ◽  
Konstantinos Fragkos ◽  
Dimitris Balis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effective Temperature ◽  
Scale Validation ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Post Process ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
The World ◽  
Effective Temperatures ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The main aim of the paper is to demonstrate an approach for post-processing of the Dobson spectrophotometers' total ozone columns (TOCs) in order to compensate for their known stratospheric effective temperature (Teff) dependency and its resulting effect on the usage of the Dobson TOCs for satellite TOCs' validation. The Dobson observations employed are those routinely submitted to the World Ozone and Ultraviolet Data Centre (WOUDC) of the World Meteorological Organization, whereas the effective temperatures have been extracted from two sources: the European Space Agency, ESA, Ozone Climate Change Initiative, Ozone-CCI, GODFIT version 3 (GOME-type Direct FITting) algorithm applied to the GOME2/MetopA, GOME2A, observations as well as the one derived from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) outputs. Both temperature sources are evaluated utilizing co-located ozonesonde measurements also retrieved from the WOUDC database. Both GODFIT_v3 and ECMWF Teffs are found to be unbiased against the ozonesonde observations and to agree with high correlation coefficients, especially for latitudes characterized by high seasonal variability in Teff. The validation analysis shows that, when applying the GODFIT_v3 effective temperatures in order to post-process the Dobson TOC, the mean difference between Dobson and GOME2A GODFIT_v3 TOCs moves from 0.63 ± 0.66 to 0.26 ± 0.46 % in the Northern Hemisphere and from 1.25 ± 1.20 to 0.80 ± 0.71 % in the Southern Hemisphere. The existing solar zenith angle dependency of the differences has been smoothed out, with near-zero dependency up to the 60–65° bin and the highest deviation decreasing from 2.38 ± 6.6 to 1.37 ± 6.4 % for the 80–85° bin. We conclude that the global-scale validation of satellite TOCs against collocated Dobson measurements benefits from a post-correction using suitably estimated Teffs.

scholarly journals The Sentinel-1 CNR-IREA SBAS service of the European Space Agency’s Geohazard Exploitation Platform (GEP) as a powerful tool for landslide activity detection and monitoring

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Reyes-Carmona ◽  
Jorge Pedro Galve ◽  
Anna Barra ◽  
Oriol Monserrat ◽  
Rosa María Mateos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Space Agency ◽  
Sar Interferometry ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Landslide Activity ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
The World ◽  
Active Processes

<p>The European Space Agency’s Geohazard Exploitation Platform (GEP) (https://geohazards-tep.eu/#!) is a web-based platform through users can perform independent analysis by exploiting satellite data. This platform hosts several thematic apps that allow to identify, monitor and asses hazard related to geological processes such as volcanism, land subsidence or landslides. The Sentinel-1 CNR-IREA SBAS service is one of these thematic apps that consists on a Differential SAR Interferometry (DInSAR) processing chain for the generation of Earth deformation time series and mean velocity maps of surface ground displacement. In the last decades, DInSAR techniques have proved to be powerful tools to detect and monitor active processes related to geological ground instability issues. In this context, the Sentinel-1 GEP service seems to be a promising way to perform independent and high temporal resolution DInSAR analysis from any part of the world in just 24 hours.</p><p>At present time, GEP continues being fine-tuned and users are working to validate the obtained results by comparing them with other data. In this way, it is possible not only to evaluate the advantages and limitations of the platform and but also to acquire new information about geological active processes around the world. In this work, we present an overview of different locations in the Mediterranean Basin and northwestern South America where we are accounted for previous knowledge of active landslide activity. Where there was previous InSAR analysis, we compared recent InSAR velocity maps with displacement rates that we obtained by the Sentinel-1 CNR-IREA SBAS tool to check their reliability. Moreover, we explored areas with no previous monitoring information but field evidence of ground instability. Beyond this, we considered this service as a successful tool to perform preliminary analyses of Sentinel-1 images in non-investigated areas to spot hazards and to delimit zones for performing detailed investigations. Additionally, some other unsatisfactory results allowed us to draw conclusions about technical constrains of the GEP tool and further asses its usefulness.</p><p> </p><p>This work has been developed in the framework of the RISKCOAST project, founded by the Interreg SUDOE program.</p>

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