Institutional factors creating labor market in Poland: the case of social capital

Motivation: Labor market in Poland has been affected by many institutional factors. One of them is social capital, which can be an advantage for its development It influences the ability among the market entities to cooperate with each other and to create their competitiveness on the market. The lack of social capital causes many disadvantages like the lack of ability to cooperate between different actors. That is why strong social capital is a challenge to build long term relations on the labor market. Low social capital or its lack is a barrier in country?s development, weakens the markets, makes the markets impossible to improve in quality. On the basis of the above premises the main hypothesis of the paper claims, that the main barrier which limits the ability among different actors to create social capital on labor market in Poland is low level of trust to each other. Aim: The main cognitive aim of this article is to describe the conducted primary research and identify determinants, especially threats and barriers on labor market in Poland in the points of views of different participants who take part in interactions with the other actors on the labor market (entrepreneurs, employees, employers). Materials and methods: The research had a character of preliminary study. The main research methods used in this article include desk research and primary research with Individual In-Depth Interviews (IDI method) which were conducted among Polish entrepreneurs from March till June 2018 and from October till January 2019. Results: The Respondents, who took part in the research underlined the importance of cooperation and social capital, but they also mentioned about barriers which reduce the level of cooperation and ability to create social capital.

The relationship of marketing communication and customer behaviour in the online store industry

Motivation: The article fills a crucial gap in the literature in the realm of investigating and understanding customer behaviour in the digital environment. Research in the field of ever-shifting digital marketing communication is fundamental. Aim: The key purpose of the research paper is to investigate the relationship between the frequency of seeing marketing messages by respondents and their market behaviour. Materials and methods: Various approaches to online marketing communication and descriptions of consumer behaviour were analysed in the theoretical framework of the article. The goal mentioned above was achieved through the survey conducted in 2020 on the sample of 461 respondents who had access to the Internet. Data were collected using a Google Form, and then the empirical data were analysed using Spearman?s correlation coefficient in Microsoft Excel application. The research involved observing the online marketing communication carried out by the surveyed entities in addition to mentioned methods. Results: The findings prove that the frequency of seeing marketing content by respondents has an impact on the Spontaneous Brand Awareness Rate, the Aided Brand Awareness Rate, the frequency of store website visits, the propensity to repurchase, and online store reviews. There is a strong relationship between the quantity and the variety of online marketing messages broadcasted by an online store and the engagement of customers in the digital activity of the online store. The research will help entrepreneurs develop future online marketing communication strategies and indicate the development of online communication toolkits. The research paper confirms the importance of maintaining a relationship with customers who shop online.

Introduction to the new Catallaxy: debating economics in 21st century

Introduction to Volume 5 Issue 2 December 2020

Institutional competitiveness of Central and Eastern European countries and the inflow of foreign direct investments

Motivation: Central and Eastern European countries (CEE) in spite of a long period of European Union membership and integration with the developed economies of Western Europe are still on the path of convergence, i.e. pursuing the highly developed countries in terms of, among others, GDP per capita. Assuming that the FDI inflow carries numerous benefits for the economic growth of the recipient country, those economies still compete against one another for foreign capital. One of the factors that attracts FDI is high quality of institutional surrounding. Aim: assessment of institutional competitiveness of the selected CEE countries (Czech Republic, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary) as well as verification of the relationship between institutional competitiveness and the FDI inflow to the analyzed economies. Materials and methods: The article reviews positions obtained by the selected CEE countries in the ranking of competitiveness published by Global Economic Forum (Global Competitiveness Report). The analysis and assessment of CEE countries competitiveness focused around the institutional quality assessment. Quantitatively, the connection was revealed between competitiveness ranking in the field of institutions and FDI inflow per capita and FDI as % of GDP to the economies under consideration. Results: the analysis of the global competitiveness index (GCI) allows to notice that among the CEE countries, Estonia is characterized with the highest institutional competitiveness. The detailed analysis indicated that low social capital quality decreases institutional competitiveness in case of all analyzed economies. The conducted quantitative analysis of the potential link between the GCI?Pillar 1. Institutions index and the inflow of foreign direct investments to CEE countries indicates the positive correlation of those variables. Higher index values (institution quality assessment) corresponds to the higher FDI per capita level and FDI calculated as GDP percentage.

System gwarantowania depozytów w Unii Europejskiej

Motywacja: W literaturze przedmiotu można odnaleźć wiele informacji na temat unii bankowej. Brakuje jednak wskazania na cechy europejskiego systemu gwarantowania depozytów z uwzględnieniem zmian po 2017 r. Cel: Celem artykułu jest ukazanie problematyki systemu gwarantowania depozytów w Unii Europejskiej uwzględniając systemy gwarantowania depozytów w państwach członkowskich. Opisano jego założenia, etapy wprowadzenia. Omówiono także nową reformę, która była spowodowana brakiem terminowości realizacji pierwotnych założeń poszczególnych etapów oraz jej zmiany. Zawarto również podstawowe informacje o Bankowym Funduszu Gwarancyjnym (BFG). Materiały i metody: Wykorzystano krytyczną analizę literatury przedmiotu przy niewielkim wsparciu analizą statystyczną. Materiał empiryczny stanowią dane BFG oraz dane zamieszczone w publikacjach. Wyniki: Europejski system gwarantowania depozytów wydaje się być koniecznym w celu budowy pełnej unii bankowej i doprowadzenia do zwiększenia integracji państw strefy euro. Utworzenie europejskiego systemu gwarantowania depozytów wzmocni ochronę deponentów, ponieważ odtąd odpowiedzialność zostanie przeniesiona na poziom europejski.

The ability of excise duty to reduce market failures in Poland

Motivation: The modern economy shows many imperfections in its functioning that do not exist in the model conditions of perfect competition. These are the so-called market failures which prompted the state?s activity in the markets. The subject of considerations in this paper is the ability of the excise duty to eliminate some of these imperfections. Aim: The main aim of the study is an attempt to answer the question whether on the beer market in Poland the declared objectives of the regulation are consistent with the achieved results on that market. Materials and methods: To achieve the assumed goal, the analysis of the literature on the subject, legal acts and statistical data was used, and the problem was illustrated on the basis of a case study based on own research. Results: The analyzes presented in this article on the regulation of the beer market in Poland may be helpful in supporting the hypothesis of inconsistent regulation of this market. In other words, the applied regulatory tool, which is the excise duty, does not lead to a decrease in the consumption of these goods, but causes other negative side effects.

Institutionalism in a nutshell [Review of the book Ekonomia instytucjonalna: zarys teorii i jej wymiar praktyczny, by K. Bentkowska]

Review of the book: Bentkowska, K. (2020), Ekonomia instytucjonalna: zarys teorii i jej wymiar praktyczny. Oficyna Wydawnicza SGH. ISBN: 978-83-8030-359-1. pp. 308

Economic policy for development and the new institutional economics

Motivation: Economists have increasingly emphasized the importance of institutions as a fundamental factor for economic development. However, too frequently institutional approach used in economics is simplified, both from the starting point in defining an institution and during the analysis itself. Aim: The aim of this article is to summarise the current state of knowledge on the use of the institutional perspective in the research on the economic development of developing countries. Materials and methods: The analysis is conducted from the perspective of the new institutional economics. The article uses the qualitative analysis method that includes a literature review and descriptive analysis. Results: The first part briefly describes the contribution of the new institutional economics to the research on the economic development. The second part demonstrates how the institutional perspective is used in the mainstream economics, while the third, how it is used in the development economics. Although the contribution of the new institutional economics to the development theory is significant, in practice, it is very difficult to provide clear guidelines for development policy. This is the reason why there is a huge difference between researching economic development in the spirit of the new institutional economics and how institutions are implemented in the mainstream and development economics.

Zjawisko drenażu mózgów w Polsce

Motywacja: Swobodny przepływ pracowników, szczególnie w wieku produkcyjnym, przejawia się migracją związaną głównie oddziaływaniem na przebieg karier zawodowych. Opuszczanie danego terenu przez wysoko wykwalifikowaną kadrę nazywany jest drenażem mózgów. Obserwowany w Polsce, osłabia gospodarkę oraz budzi coraz większy niepokój ze względu na fakt odpływu młodych, wykwalifikowanych osób. Cel: Celem artykułu jest zdefiniowanie skali zjawiska drenażu mózgów z uwzględnieniem jego przyczyn na podstawie wybranych definicji. Materiały i metody: Wykorzystano krytyczną analizę źródeł wtórnych, a także literatury podmiotu. Materiał empiryczny stanowią dane Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego oraz Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej. Wyniki: Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy można uznać, że problem drenażu mózgów jest ciągle aktualny w gospodarce, a z czasem może narastać. Jego intensywność obserwowana jest głównie na wschodzie i południu Unii Europejskiej (UE), gdzie państwa odznaczają się najmniejszą zdolnością do zatrzymywania talentów. W Polsce odnotowano największą mobilność wykwalifikowanej kadry na terenie UE.

Ekonomiczne i finansowe przyczyny szarej strefy w Unii Europejskiej

Motywacja: Szara strefa jest problemem o zasięgu globalnym ze względu na powiązania gospodarcze oraz migracje ludności. Nieoficjalna gospodarka występuje w każdym państwie. Jej poziom oraz charakterystyka są uwarunkowane przez czynniki społeczno-kulturowe, ekonomiczne oraz polityczno-prawne. Cel: Celem artykułu jest wskazanie przyczyn powstania i opis rozwoju zjawiska szarej strefy w państwach Unii Europejskiej (UE). Materiały i metody: Wykorzystano krytyczną analizę literatury przedmiotu, zarówno polskojęzycznej, jak i zagranicznej oraz analizę statystyczną. Materiał empiryczny stanowią dane Banku Światowego, Międzynarodowego Funduszu Walutowego, Fundacji Heritage oraz organizacji Transparency International. Wyniki: W 2016 roku odnotowano silną zależność między poziomem szarej strefy a Indeksem Wolności Fiskalnej, Indeksem Percepcji Korupcji oraz PKB per capita. Zdecydowanie słabsza zależności wystąpiła między skalą nieoficjalnej gospodarki a stopą bezrobocia. Jednak nie można uznać, że nie jest to czynnik wpływający na podjęcie decyzji o uczestnictwie w szarej strefie.