scholarly journals AVALIAÇÃO DAS CONSEQUÊNCIAS DO GALGAMENTO COSTEIRO DE 10/11 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2013 NA FRENTE URBANA DO CONCE-LHO DE SANTA CRUZ, ILHA DA MADEIRA

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
ANA PEIXOTO ◽  
ALBERTO GOMES
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Rapid Reduction ◽  
Port Structures

The expansion and consolidation of urban areas along the coast lead to the exposure of a large number of anthropic elements to sea storm events. It is with the aim of identifying and classifying the consequences of coastal overtopping that we analyse the recent storm surge of 10/11 December of 2013 which affected the urban coastal fringe of the city of Santa Cruz, on the south coast of Madeira Island. Therefore, the atmospheric conditions of wind intensity and atmospheric pressure are analysed and is characterised the direction of the waves and their maximum height, as well as the tide variation. After the oceanographic and meteorological characterization, it´s identified and evaluated the structural damage on the coastal zone and classified the functional consequences on the port structures affected by overtopping. The quantitative analysis of atmospheric and oceanographic data supports that this overtopping is a green water type resulting from an extratropical storm arising from the rapid reduction of atmospheric pressure and an average wind velocity of 30 km/h, affecting approximately 1600 meters of the coastal area of Santa Cruz. The qualitative analysis of the consequences shows that the port structures suffered severe to catastrophic consequences and dysfunction of their normal activities. The most affected areas are at the extremes of the urban front, registering reduced to insignificant consequences, in the intermediate area. Thus, it shows areas of greatest exposure, and areas that had presented seriously to severe damages, which can be highlighted in future episodes.

scholarly journals A Cumulative Rainfall Function for Subhourly Design Storm in Mediterranean Urban Areas

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Carbone ◽  
Michele Turco ◽  
Giuseppe Brunetti ◽  
Patrizia Piro
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Nonlinear Least Squares ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Rainfall Time Series ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Design Storm ◽  
Double Exponential ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Precipitation Records

Design storms are very useful in many hydrological and hydraulic practices and are obtained from statistical analysis of precipitation records. However considering design storms, which are often quite unlike the natural rainstorms, may result in designing oversized or undersized drainage facilities. For these reasons, in this study, a two-parameter double exponential function is proposed to parameterize historical storm events. The proposed function has been assessed against the storms selected from 5-year rainfall time series with a 1-minute resolution, measured by three meteorological stations located in Calabria, Italy. In particular, a nonlinear least square optimization has been used to identify parameters. In previous studies, several evaluation methods to measure the goodness of fit have been used with excellent performances. One parameter is related to the centroid of the rain distribution; the second one is related to high values of the standard deviation of the kurtosis for the selected events. Finally, considering the similarity between the proposed function and the Gumbel function, the two parameters have been computed with the method of moments; in this case, the correlation values were lower than those computed with nonlinear least squares optimization but sufficiently accurate for designing purposes.

Bergsprungur og byggingar á höfuðborgarsvæðinu

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
Páll Einarsson ◽  
Haukur Jóhannesson ◽  
Ásta Rut Hjartardóttir
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Seismic Waves ◽  
Relative Displacement ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
Volcanic System ◽  
Tectonic Plates ◽  
Building Practice

Straddling the boundary between two of the major tectonic plates on Earth, Iceland offers unique conditions for engineering structures that require special attention. Urban areas are rapidly expanding into areas where the bedrock is cut by numerous active fractures and faults. The fissure swarm of the Krísuvík volcanic system runs through the outskirts of Reykjavík and other towns of the metropolitan area. Activity of its fractures mostly occurs during magmatic events along the Reykjanes Peninsula oblique rift on a thousand years timescale. Hazard caused by the fractures is mostly twofold: Relative displacement of the walls of the fracture during magmatic intrusion and small relative displacements during the passage of seismic waves from distant earthquakes may damage structures built across them. The risk of structural damage may most likely be reduced considerably by avoiding building structures across the fractures. We suggest a change in building practice in fractures areas to achieve that.

scholarly journals Impact of environmental pollution and weather changes on the incidence of ST-elevation myocardial infarction

2020 ◽  
pp. 204748732092845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai ◽  
Giacomo Frati ◽  
Achille Gaspardone ◽  
Enrica Mariano ◽  
Alessandro D Di Giosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
St Elevation Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
St Elevation ◽  
Weather Changes ◽  
The Impact

Background Environmental pollution and weather changes unfavorably impact on cardiovascular disease. However, limited research has focused on ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), the most severe yet distinctive form of acute coronary syndrome. Methods and results We appraised the impact of environmental and weather changes on the incidence of STEMI, analysing the bivariate and multivariable association between several environmental and atmospheric parameters and the daily incidence of STEMI in two large Italian urban areas. Specifically, we appraised: carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitric oxide (NOX), ozone, particulate matter smaller than 10 μm (PM10) and than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity and rainfall. A total of 4285 days at risk were appraised, with 3473 cases of STEMI. Specifically, no STEMI occurred in 1920 (44.8%) days, whereas one or more occurred in the remaining 2365 (55.2%) days. Multilevel modelling identified several pollution and weather predictors of STEMI. In particular, concentrations of CO ( p=0.024), NOX ( p=0.039), ozone ( p=0.003), PM10 ( p=0.033) and PM2.5 ( p=0.042) predicted STEMI as early as three days before the event, as well as subsequently, and NO predicted STEMI one day before ( p = 0.010), as well as on the same day. A similar predictive role was evident for temperature and atmospheric pressure (all p < 0.05). Conclusions The risk of STEMI is strongly associated with pollution and weather features. While causation cannot yet be proven, environmental and weather changes could be exploited to predict STEMI risk in the following days.

Study of diffuse source pollution management for land use and drainage system planning

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 203-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Yamada ◽  
T. Funaki ◽  
S. Honda ◽  
M. Sugihara
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Pollutant Removal ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Using Data

This study aims to clarify the mass balance of pollutants during both dry periods and storm events and to discuss the effects of some strategies such as pollutant removal, land use planning and new drainage systems by simulation. Three subjects are discussed in this paper. First, the amount of pollutants entering Lake Biwa from an urban area have been roughly estimated by using data collected by the local government. Second, many additional samples were collected from road surfaces, house roofs and parking lots to consider the role of land use in pollutant runoff. Third, some ongoing BMP projects in an urban area are introduced. As a result, some ideas on how to solve the problem of diffuse pollution in urban areas have been obtained.

scholarly journals Algorithm to Predict the Rainfall Starting Point as a Function of Atmospheric Pressure, Humidity, and Dewpoint

Climate ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Alfonso Gutierrez-Lopez ◽  
Ivonne Cruz-Paz ◽  
Martin Muñoz Mandujano
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Early Warning System ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Forecast Model ◽  
Flood Damage ◽  
Precipitation Forecast ◽  
Rainfall Forecasting ◽  
Starting Point

Forecasting extreme precipitations is one of the main priorities of hydrology in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Flood damage in urban areas increases every year, and is mainly caused by convective precipitations and hurricanes. In addition, hydrometeorological monitoring is limited in most countries in this region. Therefore, one of the primary challenges in the LAC region the development of a good rainfall forecasting model that can be used in an early warning system (EWS) or a flood early warning system (FEWS). The aim of this study was to provide an effective forecast of short-term rainfall using a set of climatic variables, based on the Clausius–Clapeyron relationship and taking into account that atmospheric water vapor is one of the variables that determine most meteorological phenomena, particularly regarding precipitation. As a consequence, a simple precipitation forecast model was proposed from data monitored at every minute, such as humidity, surface temperature, atmospheric pressure, and dewpoint. With access to a historical database of 1237 storms, the proposed model allows use of the right combination of these variables to make an accurate forecast of the time of storm onset. The results indicate that the proposed methodology was capable of predicting precipitation onset as a function of the atmospheric pressure, humidity, and dewpoint. The synoptic forecast model was implemented as a hydroinformatics tool in the Extreme Precipitation Monitoring Network of the city of Queretaro, Mexico (RedCIAQ). The improved forecasts provided by the proposed methodology are expected to be useful to support disaster warning systems all over Mexico, mainly during hurricanes and flashfloods.

scholarly journals Methodologies to study the surface hydraulic behaviour of urban catchments during storm events

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 2666-2673 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gómez ◽  
F. Macchione ◽  
B. Russo
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Spatial Density ◽  
Hydraulic Efficiency ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Accurate Analysis ◽  
Numerical Application ◽  
Urban Flood ◽  
Hydraulic Behaviour ◽  
Urban Catchments

A good knowledge of the hydraulic behaviour of an urban catchment and its surface drainage system is an essential requirement to guarantee traffic and pedestrian safety. In many cases, inlets have been situated according to spatial density criteria. Indeed a more rational location of inlets on urban catchments must be defined according to an accurate analysis of the relationship between street flow and inlet hydraulic efficiency. Moreover we lack specific hazard criteria in terms of the maximum acceptable flow depths and velocities on the streets that do not cause problems to pedestrians. In this paper the results of two different experimental campaigns are presented. The first was carried out to evaluate inlet hydraulic efficiency; the second was carried out to address the pedestrian stability in urban flood conditions, whose aim was to propose new hazard criteria. On the basis of the experimental results, a methodology was developed to assess flood hazard in urban areas during storm events. If a refined topographic representation of urban areas is available, a two-dimensional numerical simulation of urban flooding can be performed using complete shallow water equations. According to this approach a numerical application for flood hazard assessment in a street of Barcelona is shown.

scholarly journals Effect of Performance of Water Stashes Irrigation Approaches on Selected Species of Plant’s Water Productivity in Urban Rooftop Agriculture with Respect to Climate Change

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Musammat Shahinara Begum ◽  
Sujit Kumar Bala ◽  
AKM Saiful Islam
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Irrigation Method ◽  
Rooftop Agriculture

Urbanization and population growth have led to urban areas with a substantial concrete surface compared to adjacent rural areas, creating challenges regarding fresh food, water security, and the need for agricultural land. Climate change affects the rainfall pattern and ground water in urban areas, so the gradual growth of urban rooftop agriculture (URTA) is an increasing trend for the owners of residential buildings. URTA is increasing in the form of private initiatives, but without consideration of efficient water management techniques and application of other related inputs. URTA differs substantially from traditional agriculture in terms of sunshine, thermal regime, the moisture dynamics of a concrete roof top, etc. Considering these aspects of URTA, an effective, efficient, science-based and economically viable irrigation method is necessary to popularize this approach and consequently increase the productivity of crops. With this in mind, the drip irrigation method is considered for the cultivation and determination of water productivity for selected species of plants such as the Bottle Gourd, Tomato, Chili, and Brinjal in the URTA, which was also compared to the traditional irrigation approach. This is why groundwater and green (grey and rain) water were considered as the source of irrigation during the dry season, based on the daily crop evapotranspiration and moisture content of the plant growing medium. For this reason, ET0 of the selected crops was measured using the CROPWAT 8.0 model. The results of this study revealed that the optimum irrigation water requirement of any crop in URTA is around 54% access (ETc), and 46–64% of access irrigation water is used by the traditional method compared to the drip irrigation method. The study reported that with drip irrigation with potable water, the yield was increased by 21.43–22.40% and rain and grey-water also increased yield by 31.87–33.33% compared to container and traditional pipe irrigation. It was also found that the water qualities of mixed water (grey and rainwater) are in an acceptable range limit for irrigation. As a result, urban planners, city dwellers, and researchers can formulate appropriate plans to cultivate different species of plants through this water saving irrigation method using green water, and should explore the concept of water-smart URTA technologies as organic inventions embedded in these results.

scholarly journals A IMPORTÂNCIA DA GESTÃO INTEGRADA DOS RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS: O CASO DAS CARGAS DE RESÍDUOS DOMICILIARES RURAIS DE SANTA CRUZ DO SUL – RS

polemica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-162
Author(s):  
Ismael Fernando Christmann ◽  
Dilani Silveira Bassan
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Domestic Waste ◽  
Integrated Solid Waste Management ◽  
Domestic Solid Waste

Resumo: O consumo, aliado à industrialização, a cada ano produz muitos tipos de novos produtos e embalagens. Junto a isso, a distribuição e a logística vêm alcançando locais cada vez mais remotos, fazendo com que áreas rurais disponham dos mesmos produtos existentes nas áreas urbanas. A preocupação com esse avanço é a disposição final desse material, ou o gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos domésticos nessas áreas. Os custos desse processo podem trazer obstáculos à sua realização. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa objetiva demonstrar algumas dificuldades sobre a gestão integrada de resíduos sólidos, principalmente pela análise da área rural de Santa Cruz do Sul. Identificou-se que o resíduo doméstico rural transportado pelos caminhões não era pesado, apenas registrada a entrada dos caminhões, dificultando o entendimento da eficiência desse atendimento. Assim, uma discrepância pode passar despercebida pelos gestores, pois o município de Santa Cruz do Sul/RS não possui uma área rural muito extensa. Para poder observar esse processo, foram rastreados dados entre os anos de 2007 à 2015, através de pesquisas bibliográficas e documentais. Foi possível verificar que o número de cargas das áreas rurais vem aumentado, sem alteração na população rural como também sem aumento de produção das embalagens. Além disso, os valores cobrados por esse transporte a cada ano se tornam mais caros. Portanto, para ter uma gestão transparente e políticas públicas eficientes, faz-se necessário disponibilizar e analisar os dados e valores sobre a produção de resíduos sólidos de forma clara e objetiva, com a elaboração de um processo que seja eficaz enquanto medida socioambiental.Palavras-chave: Gestão de Resíduos. Resíduo Doméstico Rural. Custo dos Resíduos. Abstract: The consumerism allied to industrialization each year produces many kinds of new products and packaging. Together, the distribution and the logistics are reaching places increasingly remote, so that the rural areas can have the same products that the urban areas do. The concern on this advance is the final disposal of this material or the domestic solid waste management in these areas. The costs of this process can bring some difficulties for the realization of this type of collection. This research was done to demonstrate some difficulties about the integrated solid waste management, mainly through the analysis of the rural area of Santa Cruz do Sul. It was identified that the rural domestic waste transported by trucks was not weighed, only registered the entry of trucks, making it difficult to understand the efficiency of this attendance. Therefore, this discrepancy can go unnoticed by the managers, because the city of Santa Cruz do Sul/RS does not have a very large rural area. To observe these procedures, it tracked data between the years of 2007 to 2015, through bibliographical and documental research. Thus, it was possible to verify that the number of loads from the rural areas is increasing, without an alteration on the rural population, but also without increasing packaging production. In addition, the costs charged for this transportation become more expensive each year. Therefore, in order to have a transparent management and efficient public politics, it is necessary to make available and analyze the data and values about the solid waste production in a clear and objective way, with the elaboration of a process that is effective as a socio-environmental measure.Keywords: Waste Management. Rural Domestic Waste. Waste Cost.

scholarly journals A GIS-BASED PROCEDURE FOR MEASURING THE EFECTS OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT ON URBAN FLASH FLOODS

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 110-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Li ◽  
Chunlu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Flash Floods ◽  
Flood Inundation ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Severe Problem ◽  
The Impact

Urban flooding has been a severe problem for many cities around the world as it remains one of the greatest threats to the property and safety of human communities. In Australia, it is seen as the most expensive natural hazard. However, urban areas that are impervious to rainwater have been sharply increasing owing to booming construction activities and rapid urbanisation. The change in the built environment may cause more frequent and longer duration of flooding in floodprone urban regions. Thus, the flood inundation issue associated with the effects of land uses needs to be explored and developed. This research constructs a framework for modelling urban flood inundation. Different rainfall events are then designed for examining the impact on flash floods generated by land-use changes. Measurement is formulated for changes of topographical features over a real time series. Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies are then utilised to visualise the effects of land-use changes on flood inundation under different types of storms. Based on a community-based case study, the results reveal that the built environment leads to varying degrees of aggravation of urban flash floods with different storm events and a few rainwater storage units may slightly mitigate flooding extents under different storm conditions. Hence, it is recommended that the outcomes of this study could be applied to flood assessment measures for urban development and the attained results could be utilised in government planning to raise awareness of flood hazard.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document