Applying Zero Trust Security Principles to Defence Mechanisms Against Data Exfiltration Attacks

Tail biting is a prevalent and undesirable behaviour in pigs and a major source of significant reduction in well-being. However, focusing on biting considers only one part of the solution, because tail damage can be found with a high prevalence without any action by other pigs. The lesions are not limited to the tail but can also be found in the ears, heels, soles, claw coronary bands, teats, navel, vulva, and face. Environmental improvement alone often fails to overcome the problem. This review addresses a new inflammation and necrosis syndrome in swine (SINS). It shows the clinical signs and the frequencies of occurrence in different age groups. It compiles scientific evidence from clinical and histopathological studies in newborn piglets that argue for a primary endogenous aetiology of the disease. Bringing together the findings of a broad body of research, the possible mechanisms leading to the disease are identified and then discussed. This part will especially focus on microbe-associated molecular patterns in the circulation and their role in activating defence mechanisms and inflammation. Finally, the methods are identified to ameliorate the problem by optimizing husbandry and selecting a suitable breeding stock.

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Nicolás Caparrós (1941–2021): A larger-than-life group analyst

Group Analysis ◽

10.1177/05333164211030453 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 053331642110304

Author(s):

Arturo Ezquerro

Keyword(s):

Therapeutic Group ◽

Defence Mechanisms ◽

Group Attachment ◽

In Memoriam ◽

Group Technique

This is a homage to Nicolás Caparrós, in memoriam. He was an unusual, and universal, psychiatrist, psychoanalyst and group analyst, who developed an analytic and bonding model which was closely related to Bowlby’s conception of group attachment. In his therapeutic group technique, Dr Caparrós was decidedly idiosyncratic, integrative and inclusive. He was a Bionian, intellectually, when it came to defining unconscious defence mechanisms. However, his interventions within the group had a more distinct Foulkesian essence, as he put the emphasis on communication. Foulkes had sought to keep communication alive in his groups, to the point of considering it identical to the process of therapy itself. For Dr Caparrós, communication generates the group, defines it and maintains it.

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Kin discrimination promotes horizontal gene transfer between unrelated strains in Bacillus subtilis

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-021-23685-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Polonca Stefanic ◽

Katarina Belcijan ◽

Barbara Kraigher ◽

Rok Kostanjšek ◽

Joseph Nesme ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Gene Transfer ◽

Horizontal Gene Transfer ◽

Social Interactions ◽

Recipient Strain ◽

Donor Strain ◽

Kin Discrimination ◽

Defence Mechanisms ◽

Donor Cells ◽

Novel Alleles

AbstractBacillus subtilis is a soil bacterium that is competent for natural transformation. Genetically distinct B. subtilis swarms form a boundary upon encounter, resulting in killing of one of the strains. This process is mediated by a fast-evolving kin discrimination (KD) system consisting of cellular attack and defence mechanisms. Here, we show that these swarm antagonisms promote transformation-mediated horizontal gene transfer between strains of low relatedness. Gene transfer between interacting non-kin strains is largely unidirectional, from killed cells of the donor strain to surviving cells of the recipient strain. It is associated with activation of a stress response mediated by sigma factor SigW in the donor cells, and induction of competence in the recipient strain. More closely related strains, which in theory would experience more efficient recombination due to increased sequence homology, do not upregulate transformation upon encounter. This result indicates that social interactions can override mechanistic barriers to horizontal gene transfer. We hypothesize that KD-mediated competence in response to the encounter of distinct neighbouring strains could maximize the probability of efficient incorporation of novel alleles and genes that have proved to function in a genomically and ecologically similar context.

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