The role of somatosensory stimulation in social phobia—An analysis of hand coordination in patients and therapeutic dyads during psychodynamic psychotherapy

Cognitive-behavioral models (Clark & Wells, 1995; Rapee & Heimberg, 1997) and recent research suggest that individuals with social phobia (SP) experience both images (Hackmann, Surawy, & Clark, 1998) and memories (Coles, Turk, Heimberg, & Fresco, 2001; Wells, Clark, & Ahmad, 1998) of anxiety-producing social situations from an observer perspective. The current study examines memory perspective for two role-played situations (speech and social interaction) at multiple time points (immediate and 3 weeks post) in 22 individuals with generalized SP and 30 non-anxious controls (NACs). At both time points, SPs recalled the role-plays from a more observer/less field perspective than did NACs. Further, over time, the memory perspective of SPs became even more observer/less field while the memory perspective of NAC remained relatively stable.

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Social phobia: The role of in-situation safety behaviors in maintaining anxiety and negative beliefs

Behavior Therapy ◽

10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80088-7 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 153-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 304

Author(s):

Adrian Wells ◽

David M. Clark ◽

Paul Salkovskis ◽

John Ludgate ◽

Ann Hackmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Phobia ◽

Safety Behaviors ◽

Negative Beliefs

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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Disrupts Eye-Hand Interactions in the Posterior Parietal Cortex

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.2000.84.3.1677 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 84 (3) ◽

pp. 1677-1680 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Paul Van Donkelaar ◽

Ji-Hang Lee ◽

Anthony S. Drew

Keyword(s):

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽

Parietal Cortex ◽

Magnetic Stimulation ◽

Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽

Hand Movement ◽

Open Loop ◽

Neurophysiological Studies ◽

Posterior Parietal ◽

Hand Coordination

Recent neurophysiological studies have started to shed some light on the cortical areas that contribute to eye-hand coordination. In the present study we investigated the role of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in this process in normal, healthy subjects. This was accomplished by delivering single pulses of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the PPC to transiently disrupt the putative contribution of this area to the processing of information related to eye-hand coordination. Subjects made open-loop pointing movements accompanied by saccades of the same required amplitude or by saccades that were substantially larger. Without TMS the hand movement amplitude was influenced by the amplitude of the corresponding saccade; hand movements accompanied by larger saccades were larger than those accompanied by smaller saccades. When TMS was applied over the left PPC just prior to the onset of the saccade, a marked reduction in the saccadic influence on manual motor output was observed. TMS delivered at earlier or later periods during the response had no effect. Taken together, these data suggest that the PPC integrates signals related to saccade amplitude with limb movement information just prior to the onset of the saccade.

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Spatial Alignment of the Senses: The Role of Audition in Eye-Hand-Coordination

i-Perception ◽

10.1068/ic939 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2 (8) ◽

pp. 939-939

Author(s):

Thorsten Kluss ◽

Niclas Schult ◽

Kerstin Schill ◽

Christoph Zetzsche ◽

Manfred Fahle

Keyword(s):

Spatial Alignment ◽

Hand Coordination ◽

The Senses

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The role of parental psychopathology and family environment for social phobia in the first three decades of life

Depression and Anxiety ◽

10.1002/da.20527 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 363-370 ◽

Cited By ~ 67

Author(s):

Susanne Knappe ◽

Roselind Lieb ◽

Katja Beesdo ◽

Lydia Fehm ◽

Nancy Chooi Ping Low ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Phobia ◽

Family Environment ◽

Parental Psychopathology

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The role of mental disorders in the risk and speed of transition to alcohol use disorders among community youth

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291710001418 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 41 (5) ◽

pp. 1073-1085 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

S. Behrendt ◽

K. Beesdo-Baum ◽

P. Zimmermann ◽

M. Höfler ◽

A. Perkonigg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Use ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Social Phobia ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Alcohol Use Disorders ◽

Externalizing Disorders ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Rapid Transition ◽

Dsm Iv

BackgroundAmong adolescents and young adults with DSM-IV alcohol use disorders (AUDs), there are inter-individual differences in the speed of transition from initial alcohol use (AU) to AUD. AUDs are highly co-morbid with other mental disorders. The factors associated with rapid transition from first AU to AUD remain unknown and the role of mental disorders in rapid transitions is unclear. Given this background we examined (1) whether prior anxiety, mood, externalizing and non-alcohol substance use disorders are related to the risk and speed of transition from first AU to DSM-IV alcohol abuse (AA) and alcohol dependence (AD) and (2) whether early age of onset of prior mental disorders (PMDs) is a promoter of rapid transition.MethodA total of 3021 community subjects (97.7% lifetime AU) aged 14–24 years at baseline were followed up prospectively for up to 10 years. AU and mental disorders were assessed with the DSM-IV/M-CIDI.ResultsAmong subjects with lifetime AU, several PMDs, such as specific phobia, bipolar disorder and nicotine dependence, were associated with an increased risk of AUD independent of externalizing disorders. Associations of PMDs with the speed of transition to AUDs were mostly weak and inconsistent. Only social phobia and externalizing disorders were associated with faster transitions to AD even after adjustment for other PMDs. Earlier age of onset of PMD was not associated with rapid transition.ConclusionsMental disorders are associated with the risk of AUD. With the possible exception of social phobia and externalizing disorders, they do not promote rapid transition, even if they occur particularly early. Future research needs to identify factors relevant to rapid transition to AUD.

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Recent developments in the psychopharmacology of social phobia

Acta Neuropsychiatrica ◽

10.1017/s0924270800033822 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 76-82

Author(s):

Den J.A. Boer ◽

I.M. Van Vliet ◽

H.G.M. Westenberg

Keyword(s):

Social Anxiety ◽

Social Phobia ◽

Research Effort ◽

Beta Blockers ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Social Avoidance ◽

Double Blind ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Serotonergic Drugs

SummaryThe last two decades have witnessed an upsurge in the interest in anxiety disorders. Much research effort has been dedicated to panic disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. However, it is only very recently that we have begun to understand some of the basic principles about the psychopharmacology of social phobia. Drug classes so far studied include beta-blockers, non-selective and irreversible MAO-inhibitors (MAOI's) and benzodiazepinen. Beta-blockers appear to be of use in specific social phobias, like public speaking. There is considerable evidence suggesting that MAOI's are effective in reducing both social anxiety as well as social avoidance. A disadvantage of the conventional irreversible MAOI's is their risk for hypertensive crises when combined with dietary tyramine.So far only a small number of studies with selective MAOI-A inhibitors such as moclobemide and brofaromine have been conducted in social phobia, and the results indicate that both compounds are effective.Drugs exerting selective and specific actions on certain components of e.g. the serotonergic system can now be studied and it is hoped that the role of serotonin and other neuronal systems in social phobia can be elucidated.In order to gain more information about selective serotonergic drugs the first double blind placebo-controlled study with fluvoxamine in social phobia is here reported. Preliminary results indicate a reduction of social anxiety.Finally the role of peptides in the treatment of social phobia is critically reviewed. The MSH/ACTH analog Org 2766 was investigated in patients suffering from social phobia. No anxiolytic effects of this peptide could be observed.

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Role of ANG II in mediating somatosensory-induced renal nerve-dependent antinatriuresis in the rat

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1998.275.1.r194 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 275 (1) ◽

pp. R194-R202 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Chunlong Huang ◽

Edward J. Johns

Keyword(s):

Sodium Excretion ◽

Renal Perfusion ◽

Urine Flow ◽

Renal Nerves ◽

Ang Ii ◽

Renal Nerve ◽

Somatosensory Stimulation ◽

Two Stages ◽

The Brain

This study examined the renal nerve-dependent renal hemodynamic and tubular responses to somatosensory stimulation in the anesthetized rat by use of subcutaneously applied capsaicin when the action of ANG II was blocked peripherally or selectively within the brain. Activation of skin somatosensory receptors caused a transient reversible 10–15% increase in blood pressure, and while renal perfusion pressure was regulated at control levels, there was a transient fall in urine flow and sodium excretion even though both renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate were unchanged. These reflexly induced excretory responses were abolished when the renal nerves were sectioned. Administration of the ANG II AT1-receptor antagonist, losartan, either intravenously at 3 or 10 mg/kg or locally into the lateral cerebroventricles at 15 μg plus 7.5 μg/h, had no effect on capsaicin-induced vasopressor responses but blocked the reductions in urine flow and sodium excretion. These findings are consistent with ANG II being involved in at least two stages in the reflex, one centrally and one at the periphery.

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Ethical Processes in Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

The Oxford Handbook of Psychotherapy Ethics ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198817338.013.44 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Robert P. Drozek

Keyword(s):

Object Relations ◽

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy ◽

Self Psychology ◽

Treatment Intensity ◽

Object Relations Theory ◽

Clinical Process ◽

Therapeutic Goals ◽

Therapeutic Outcomes ◽

Exploratory Technique

This chapter explores the foundational role of ethical experience in psychoanalysis and psychodynamic psychotherapy, from the perspective of theory as well as technique. The author reviews seminal ethical constructs across the range of analytic perspectives, including classical psychoanalysis, object relations theory, self-psychology, and contemporary relational/intersubjective thought. While all forms of psychotherapy recognize the importance of ethically grounded principles of care, psychoanalysis is unique in its theorizing about the relevance of ethics to fundamental aspects of the clinical process itself, including therapeutic goals, therapeutic outcomes, and “how change happens” in psychotherapy. These areas of theory are surveyed, along with some basic ethical tensions generated by defining aspects of psychodynamic praxis: the ethics of unconscious exploration, the ethics of “working in the transference,” the ethics of exploratory technique, and the ethics of treatment intensity.

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