Boiler Design with Solid-Gaseous Fuel Staging to Reduce NOx Emissions and Optimize Load Flexibility

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Meiller ◽  
Robert Daschner ◽  
Julian Walberer ◽  
Andreas Hornung
Keyword(s):  
Gaseous Fuel ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Fuel Staging ◽  
Boiler Design

ACTIVE CONTROL OF PERFORMANCE AND NOx EMISSIONS OF STAGED GASEOUS FUEL BURNER

1999 ◽  
Vol 8 (ASAT CONFERENCE) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
H. Mahmoud ◽  
Sh. Hammed ◽  
M. Nosier ◽  
A. Wandan ◽  
S. Abd EI-Ghany
Keyword(s):  
Active Control ◽  
Gaseous Fuel ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Fuel Burner

THE METHOD OF NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSION REDUCTION DURING THE COMBUSTION OF GASEOUS FUEL IN MUNICIPAL THERMAL POWER BOILERS

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 18-33
Author(s):  
Sylwia Janta-Lipińska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Gaseous Fuel ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Nitrogen Oxide Emission ◽  
Boiler Efficiency ◽  
Injection Technology

The nitrogen oxides in a flame of burning fuel can be created by many mechanisms. The amount of NOx concentration emitted to the ground atmosphere mainly depends on the type of fuel burned in the industrial and heating boilers. Changes in the country's thermal policy and requirements that are set for us by the European Union States are forcing us to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Directed metered ballast method is one of the most attractive techniques for reducing NOx emissions. In recent years, moisture injection technology is still investigated on low and medium power thermal power boilers operating on gaseous fuel. The goal of this work was to perform the investigations of the process of a moisture injection into the zones of decisive influence (SDW-I and SDW-II) on steam and water boilers: DKVR 10-13, DKVR 20-13, DE 25-14 and PTVM-50. The obtained results clearly show how the proposed method affects NOx reduction and boiler efficiency.

scholarly journals Characterization of a Novel Porous Injector for Multi-Lean Direct Injection (M-LDI) Combustor

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianing Li ◽  
Umesh Bhayaraju ◽  
San-Mou Jeng
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Gaseous Fuel ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Fuel Injector ◽  
Porous Tube ◽  
Lean Direct Injection ◽  
Air Mixing

A generic novel injector was designed for multi-Lean Direct Injection (M-LDI) combustors. One of the drawbacks of the conventional pressure swirl and prefilming type airblast atomizers is the difficulty of obtaining a uniform symmetric spray under all operating conditions. Micro-channels are needed inside the injector for uniformly distributing the fuel. The problem of non-uniformity is magnified in smaller sized injectors. The non-uniform liquid sheet causes local fuel rich/lean zones leading to higher NOx emissions. To overcome these problems, a novel fuel injector was designed to improve the fuel delivery to the injector by using a porous stainless steel material with 30 μm porosity. The porous tube also acts as a prefilming surface. Liquid and gaseous fuels can be injected through the injector. In the present study, gaseous fuel was injected to investigate injector fuel-air mixing performance. The gaseous fuel was injected through a porous tube between two radial-radial swirling air streams to facilitate fuel-air mixing. The advantage of this injector is that it increases the contact surface area between the fuel-air at the fuel injection point. The increased contact area enhances fuel-air mixing. Fuel-air mixing and combustion studies were carried out for both gaseous and liquid fuel. Flame visualization, and emissions measurements were carried out inside the exit of the combustor. The measurements were carried out at atmospheric conditions under fuel lean conditions. Natural gas was used as a fuel in these experiments. Fuel-air mixing studies were carried out at different equivalence ratios with and without confinement. The mass fraction distributions were measured at different downstream locations from the injector exit. Flame characterization was carried out by chemiluminescence at different equivalence ratios and inlet air temperatures. Symmetry of the flame, flame length and heat release distribution were analyzed from the flame images. The effects of inlet air temperature and combustion flame temperature on emissions was studied. Emissions were corrected to 15% O2 concentration. NOx emissions increase with inlet air temperature and flame temperature. Effect of flame temperature on NOx concentration is more significant than effect of inlet air temperature. Fuel-air mixing profile was used to obtain mass fraction Probability Density Function (pdf). The pdfs were used for simulations in Chemkin Pro. The measured emissions concentrations at the exit of the injector was compared with simulations. In Chemkin model, a network model with several PSRs (perfectly stirred reactor) were utilized, followed by a mixer and a PFR (plug flow reactor). The comparison between the simulations and the experimental results was investigated.

Jet Shear Layer Size and Number Influences on Grid Plate Direct Fuel Injection Shear Layer Mixing Low NOx Gas Turbine Combustion With Fuel Staging for Power Turn Down

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon E. Andrews ◽  
S. A. R. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Shear Layer ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Shear Layers ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Round Jet ◽  
Fuel Staging ◽  
Four Levels

The scale up of jet shear layer low NOx concepts for compact gas turbine applications is considered using natural gas as the fuel with all experiments at one atmosphere pressure and 600K air inlet temperature. A 76mm diameter cylindrical combustor with 4 round jet shear layers was compared with a near double scale combustor with 140mm diameter and 4 round jet shear layers with the same total blockage as for the smaller combustor. This is compared with 16 round jet shear layers of the same diameter as for the smaller combustor. The shear layer air holes were fuelled by eight radial inward fuel injection holes in each shear layer jet. All three designs had acceptable combustion efficiencies, but the NOx emissions were considerably higher for the 4 shear layer design in the larger combustion. When the same shear layer hole size was used and the number increased in the larger combustor the NOx emissions were identical. Changing the shape of the hole from circulat to slot for the same area, considerably reduced the NOx in the four hole 76mm combustor, but had little effect on the 16 hole 140mm combustor. Fuel staging within the array of shear layers was successfully demonstrated for four levels of fuel staging. There was some intermixing of air from the unfuelled jets, but this had only a small effect on the combustion efficiency and flame stability. A practical range of simulated power turndown was demonstrated with little NOx penalty. This was achieved with no wall between the staged shear layer regions and hence leads to very compact combustor designs.

Experimental Sector and Flame-Tube Evaluations of a Multipoint Integrated Module Concept for Low Emission Combustors

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Tacina ◽  
Adel Mansour ◽  
Leonard Partelow ◽  
Changlie Wey
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Fuel Injector ◽  
Fuel Injectors ◽  
Lean Direct Injection ◽  
Flame Tube ◽  
Fuel Staging ◽  
The Difference

Emissions from a low-NOx combustor concept were measured in a flame-tube (uncooled, ceramic lined) combustor and a three-module sector combustor. The low-NOx concept used in both the flame-tube and sector tests is a multipoint, lean-direct injection concept. The multipoint modules have 12, 13 or 20 fuel injectors in place of a conventional fuel injector. An integrated-module approach is used for the construction, where chemically etched laminates are diffusion bonded and combine the fuel injectors, air swirlers and fuel manifold into a single module. Test conditions include inlet temperatures up to 810K, inlet pressures up to 2760 kPa, and equivalence ratios up to 0.6 using Jet-A fuel. The NOx emissions from the sector tests are similar to those from the flame-tube tests when the difference in liner cooling is accounted. The NOx emissions are correlated to the inlet temperature, inlet pressure, and fuel-air ratio. The goal of at least 70% reduction from the 1996 ICAO standard using a 20:1 pressure-ratio engine cycle was met. The range of low-power operability using circumferential fuel staging was near the goal, but fuel staging within the module did not improve the operability range.

Model Based Control of Emissions and Pulsations in a Premixed Combustor Using Fuel Staging

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnaud Lacarelle ◽  
Jonas P. Moeck ◽  
Christian O. Paschereit ◽  
Gregor Gelbert ◽  
Rudibert King
Keyword(s):  
Time Delays ◽  
Mixing Model ◽  
Extremum Seeking ◽  
Step Response ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Pressure Pulsations ◽  
Model Based Control ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Mixing Quality ◽  
Fuel Staging

A mixing model of a swirl inducing premixed burner is derived from non-reacting investigation and used to control the fuel staging of the burner to ensure stability and low NOx emissions. The convective time delays, critical for the combustor stability, are obtained after identification of a step response of the outlet concentration with a one dimensional mixing model. The steady mixing is used to evaluate quantitatively the mixing quality which correlates with NOx emissions. Time delays as well as scalar unmixedness criteria derived from those measurements are used to predict the combustor stability and NOx emissions maps for different injection configurations at one operating point. The resulting model is used to extend an Extremum Seeking Controller, which adjusts the fuel repartition to reduce the pressure pulsations and NOx emissions.

scholarly journals A Research on the Performance, Emission and Combustion Parameters of the Hydrogen and Biogas Dual Fuel Engine

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-136
Author(s):  
Avinash MUTLURI ◽  
Radha Krishna GOPIDESI ◽  
Srinivas Viswanath VALETI
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Gaseous Fuel ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Brake Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Secondary Fuel ◽  
Pilot Fuel ◽  
Inlet Manifold

In the present research a diesel engine has been converted to dual fuel mode, injecting hydrogen and biogas as secondary fuel and the tests were conducted in dual fuel mode to evaluate the performance, emissions and combustion parameters of the engine. Diesel as a pilot fuel, hydrogen and biogas as a secondary fuel were injected from the inlet manifold. The hydrogen and the biogas which is a gaseous fuel were injected at 5 liters per minute (lpm) and the tests were conducted separately. From these tests, it was noted that there is an enhancement of 27.28% in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and increment of 10.70% in NOX emissions for diesel with 5 lpm hydrogen compared with diesel fuel under single fuel mode. Also, it was noted that the reduction in BTE was around 36.50% and NOX emissions about 15.68 % for diesel with 5 lpm biogas when compared with diesel fuel under single fuel mode.

scholarly journals Wide Range Operation of Advanced Low NOx Aircraft Gas Turbine Combustors

1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. Roberts ◽  
R. J. Fiorito ◽  
H. F. Butze
Keyword(s):  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Variable Geometry ◽  
Program Goal ◽  
Fuel Switching ◽  
The Past ◽  
Simulated High Altitude ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lean Premixed ◽  
Fuel Staging ◽  
Full Design

Over the past three years, Solar Turbines International, an Operating Group of International Harvester, has been engaged in characterizing the NOx emissions and operation of two particular types of lean, premixed combustors, namely the Jet Induced Circulation (JIC) and Vortex Air Blast (VAB) configurations and was concerned primarily with the NOx emissions at a simulated high-altitude, supersonic cruise condition. The VAB combustor demonstrated the capability of meeting the NOx goal of 1.0 g NO2/kg fuel at the cruise condition (Tin = 833 K, Pin = 5 atm, Tout = 1778 K). In addition, the program served to demonstrate the limited low-emissions range available from the lean, premixed combustor. A follow-on effort, the results of which form the basis of this paper, was concerned with the problem of operating these lean, premixed combustors with acceptable emissions at simulated engine idle conditions. Various techniques have been demonstrated that allow satisfactory operation on both the JIC and VAB combustors at idle (Tin = 422 K, Pin = 3 atm, Tout = 917 K) with CO emissions below 20 g/kg fuel. These include degrees of variable geometry, fuel switching and fuel-staging designs. The VAB combustor was limited by flashback/autoignition phenomena at the cruise conditions to a pressure of 8 atm. The JIC combustor was operated up to the full design cruise pressure of 14 atm without encountering an autoignition limitation, although the NOx levels, in the 2 to 3 g NO2/kg fuel range, exceeded the program goal.

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