scholarly journals Yeast autonomously replicating sequence (ARS): Identification, function, and modification

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao‐Yu Tan ◽  
Xiao‐Le Wu ◽  
Ming‐Zhe Han ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Li Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autonomously Replicating Sequence ◽  
Identification Function

scholarly journals Completion of Replication Map of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Chromosome III

2001 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3317-3327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkadi Poloumienko ◽  
Ann Dershowitz ◽  
Jitakshi De ◽  
Carol S. Newlon
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Dna Replication ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Replication Origins ◽  
Chromosomal Dna ◽  
Chromosomal Replication ◽  
Autonomously Replicating Sequence ◽  
Eukaryotic Chromosome ◽  
Ars Elements ◽  
Chromosome Iii

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomal DNA replication initiates at intervals of ∼40 kb and depends upon the activity of autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) elements. The identification of ARS elements and analysis of their function as chromosomal replication origins requires the use of functional assays because they are not sufficiently similar to identify by DNA sequence analysis. To complete the systematic identification of ARS elements onS. cerevisiae chromosome III, overlapping clones covering 140 kb of the right arm were tested for their ability to promote extrachromosomal maintenance of plasmids. Examination of chromosomal replication intermediates of each of the seven ARS elements identified revealed that their efficiencies of use as chromosomal replication origins varied widely, with four ARS elements active in ≤10% of cells in the population and two ARS elements active in ≥90% of the population. Together with our previous analysis of a 200-kb region of chromosome III, these data provide the first complete analysis of ARS elements and DNA replication origins on an entire eukaryotic chromosome.

Domain B of ARS307 contains two functional elements and contributes to chromosomal replication origin function

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 7652-7659
Author(s):  
J F Theis ◽  
C S Newlon
Keyword(s):  
Replication Origin ◽  
Consensus Sequence ◽  
Functional Elements ◽  
Chromosomal Replication ◽  
Autonomously Replicating Sequence ◽  
Chromosomal Origin ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Origin Function ◽  
Chromosome Iii ◽  
Replication Activity

ARS307 is highly active as a replication origin in its native location on chromosome III of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Its ability to confer autonomous replication activity on plasmids requires the presence of an 11-bp autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) consensus sequence (ACS), which is also required for chromosomal origin function, as well as approximately 100 bp of sequence flanking the ACS called domain B. To further define the sequences required for ARS function, a linker substitution mutagenesis of domain B was carried out. The mutations defined two sequences, B1 and B2, that contribute to ARS activity. Therefore, like ARS1, domain B of ARS307 is composed of functional subdomains. Constructs carrying mutations in the B1 element were used to replace the chromosomal copy of ARS307. These mutations caused a reduction in chromosomal origin activity, demonstrating that the B1 element is required for efficient chromosomal origin function.

Aging Effect on Categorical Perception of Mandarin Tones 2 and 3 and Thresholds of Pitch Contour Discrimination

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxia Wang ◽  
Xiaohu Yang ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Lilong Xu ◽  
Can Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
Categorical Perception ◽  
Aging Effect ◽  
Pitch Contour ◽  
Tone Perception ◽  
F0 Contour ◽  
Identification Function ◽  
Tone Discrimination ◽  
Mandarin Tones ◽  
Mandarin Tone

Purpose The purpose of the study was to examine the aging effect on the categorical perception of Mandarin Chinese Tone 2 (rising F0 pitch contour) and Tone 3 (falling-then-rising F0 pitch contour) as well as on the thresholds of pitch contour discrimination. Method Three experiments of Mandarin tone perception were conducted for younger and older listeners with Mandarin Chinese as the native language. The first 2 experiments were in the categorical perception paradigm: tone identification and tone discrimination for a series of stimuli, the F0 contour of which systematically varied from Tone 2 to Tone 3. In the third experiment, the just-noticeable differences of pitch contour discrimination were measured for both groups. Results In the measures of categorical perception, older listeners showed significantly shallower slopes in the tone identification function and significantly smaller peakedness in the tone discrimination function compared with younger listeners. Moreover, the thresholds of pitch contour discrimination were significantly higher for older listeners than for younger listeners. Conclusion These results suggest that aging reduced the categoricality of Mandarin tone perception and worsened the psychoacoustic capacity to discriminate pitch contour changes, thereby possibly leading to older listeners' difficulty in identifying Tones 2 and 3.

scholarly journals Functional equivalency and diversity of cis-acting elements among yeast replication origins.

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 5473-5484 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Lin ◽  
D Kowalski
Keyword(s):  
Origin Recognition Complex ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Dna Unwinding ◽  
Replication Origins ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Autonomously Replicating Sequence ◽  
Cis Acting ◽  
Dna Elements ◽  
Functional Dna ◽  
Dna Replication Origins

The DNA replication origins of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae require several short functional elements, most of which are not conserved in sequence. To better characterize ARS305, a replicator from a chromosomal origin, we swapped functional DNA elements of ARS305 with defined elements of ARS1. ARS305 contains elements that are functionally exchangeable with ARS1 A and B1 elements, which are known to bind the origin recognition complex; however, the ARS1 A element differs in that it does not require a 3' box adjacent to the essential autonomously replicating sequence consensus. At the position corresponding to ARS1 B3, ARS305 has a novel element, B4, that can functionally substitute for every type of short element (B1, B2, and B3) in the B domain. Unexpectedly, the replacement of element B4 by ARS1 B3, which binds ABF1p and is known as a replication enhancer, inhibited ARS305 function. ARS305 has no short functional element at or near positions corresponding to the B2 elements in ARS1 and ARS307 but contains an easily unwound region whose functional importance was supported by a broad G+C-rich substitution mutation. Surprisingly, the easily unwound region can functionally substitute for the ARS1 B2 element, even though ARS1 B2 was found to possess a distinct DNA sequence requirement. The functionally conserved B2 element in ARS307 contains a known sequence requirement, and helical stability analysis of linker and minilinker mutations suggested that B2 also contains a DNA unwinding element (DUE). Our findings suggest that yeast replication origins employ a B2 element or a DUE to mediate a common function, DNA unwinding during initiation, although not necessarily through a common mechanism.

A synthetic silencer mediates SIR-dependent functions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 5648-5659
Author(s):  
F J McNally ◽  
J Rine
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Binding Site ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Consensus Sequence ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Replication Initiation ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Autonomously Replicating Sequence ◽  
Functional Components

Copies of the mating-type genes are present at three loci on chromosome III of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The genes at the MAT locus are transcribed, whereas the identical genes at the silent loci, HML and HMR, are not transcribed. Several genes, including the four SIR genes, and two sites, HMR-E and HMR-I, are required for repression of transcription at the HMR locus. Three elements have been implicated in the function of the HMR-E silencer: a binding site for the RAP1 protein, a binding site for the ABF1 protein, and an 11-bp consensus sequence common to nearly all autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) elements (putative origins of DNA replication). RAP1 and ABF1 binding sites of different sequence than those found at HMR-E were joined with an 11-bp ARS consensus sequence to form a synthetic silencer. The synthetic silencer was able to repress transcription of the HMRa1 gene, confirming that binding sites for RAP1 and ABF1 and the 11-bp ARS consensus sequence were the functional components of the silencer in vivo. Mutations in the ABF1 binding site or in the ARS consensus sequence of the synthetic silencer caused nearly complete derepression of transcription at HMR. The ARS consensus sequence mutation also eliminated the ARS activity of the synthetic silencer. These data suggested that replication initiation at the HMR-E silencer was required for establishment of the repressed state at the HMR locus.

Isolation and characterization of an autonomously replicating sequence from Ustilago maydis

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 3703-3709
Author(s):  
T Tsukuda ◽  
S Carleton ◽  
S Fotheringham ◽  
W K Holloman
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Consensus Sequence ◽  
Ustilago Maydis ◽  
Small Fragment ◽  
Direct Repeats ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Autonomously Replicating Sequence ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Extrachromosomal Elements

DNA fragments that function as autonomously replicating sequences (ARSs) have been isolated from Ustilago maydis. When inserted into an integrative transforming vector, the fragments increased the frequency of U. maydis transformation several-thousandfold. ARS-containing plasmids were transmitted in U. maydis as extrachromosomal elements through replication. They were maintained at a level of about 25 copies per cell but were mitotically unstable. One ARS characterized in detail, which we called UARS1, was localized to a 1.7-kilobase fragment. UARS1 contained a cluster of active sequences. This element could be reduced further into three separate subfragments, each of which retained ARS activity. The smallest one was 383 base pairs (bp) long. Although not active itself in yeast, this small fragment contained seven 8-bp direct repeats, two contiguous 30-bp direct repeats, and five 11-bp units in both orientations with sequences similar but not identical to the consensus sequence found to be crucial for ARS activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Interaction of the H4 autonomously replicating sequence core consensus sequence and its 3'-flanking domain

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 5464-5472
Author(s):  
S G Holmes ◽  
M M Smith
Keyword(s):  
Consensus Sequence ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Relative Orientation ◽  
Autonomously Replicating Sequence ◽  
The Core ◽  
Multiple Copies ◽  
Minimal Sequences ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
The Relationship

Yeast autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) elements are composed of a conserved 11-base-pair (bp) core consensus sequence and a less well defined 3'-flanking region. We have investigated the relationship between the H4 ARS core consensus sequence and its 3'-flanking domain. The minimal sequences necessary and sufficient for function were determined by combining external 3' and 5' deletions to produce a nested set of ARS fragments. Sequences 5' of the core consensus were dispensable for function, but at least 66 bp of 3'-flanking domain DNA was required for full ARS function. The importance of the relative orientation of the core consensus element with respect to the 3'-flanking domain was tested by precisely inverting 14 bp of DNA including the core consensus sequence by oligonucleotide mutagenesis. This core inversion mutant was defective for all ARS function, showing that a fixed relative orientation of the core consensus and 3'-flanking domain is required for function. The 3'-flanking domain of the minimal functional H4 ARS fragment contains three sequences with a 9-of-11-bp match to the core consensus. The role of these near-match sequences was tested by directed mutagenesis. When all near-match sequences with an 8-of-11-bp match or better were simultaneously disrupted by point mutations, the resulting ARS construct retained full replication function. Therefore, multiple copies of a sequence closely related to the core consensus element are not required for H4 ARS function.

scholarly journals Unstable Jobs Cannot Cultivate Good Organizational Citizens: The Sequential Mediating Role of Organizational Trust and Identification

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byung-Jik Kim
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Citizenship ◽  
Organizational Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Organizational Identification ◽  
Job Insecurity ◽  
Organizational Trust ◽  
Organizational Outcomes ◽  
Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Identification Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Underlying Processes

Although existing works have investigated the influence of employee’s job insecurity on his or her perceptions or attitudes, those studies relatively have paid less attention to the influence of it on employee’s behaviors, as well as to its intermediating mechanisms of the relationship between job insecurity and the behaviors. Considering that employee’s behaviors substantially influence various organizational outcomes, I believe that studies which examine the impact of job insecurity on the behaviors as well as its underlying processes are required. Grounded on the context–attitude–behavior framework, I delved into the intermediating mechanism between job insecurity and organizational citizenship behavior with a sequential mediation model. In specific, I hypothesized that employee’s organizational trust and organizational identification would sequentially mediate the job insecurity–organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) link. Utilizing 3-wave time-lagged data from 303 employees in South Korea, I found that organizational trust and organizational identification function as sequential mediators in the link. The finding suggests that organizational trust and organizational identification are underlying processes to elaborately explain the job insecurity–OCB link.

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