A HEALTH PRODUCTION MODEL WITH ENDOGENOUS RETIREMENT

ABSTRACTUsing stream water polluted with untreated wastewater in agriculture is controversial due to its combination of benefits and negative health impacts. Using data from a household survey, ‘wastewater’ and ‘freshwater’ farmers were analysed comparatively to examine the perceived impacts of irrigation water quality on farmers' health and to evaluate the extent of health damage. Probability of illness was estimated using the theory of utility-maximising behaviour of households subject to the conventional farm household production model, augmented by adding a health production function. Reduced model and instrumental variable probit specifications both show that perceived illness prevalence is significantly higher for household members working on wastewater irrigation farms than for those working with freshwater. Our data entails econometric complications (e.g., endogeneity of farmers' behaviour, unobserved location-specific characteristics). Ignoring these will result in underestimation of the value of policy interventions designed to reduce potential health damage of wastewater use in irrigation.

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Institutional Quality and Health Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa

Research in Applied Economics ◽

10.5296/rae.v12i4.18103 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 22

Author(s):

Idrissa Ouedraogo ◽

Issa Dianda ◽

Iyewumi Titilope Adeyele

Keyword(s):

Health Outcomes ◽

Least Squares Method ◽

Institutional Quality ◽

Political Stability ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Production Model ◽

Health Production ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Control Of Corruption ◽

Improve Health

The objective of this research is to identify the institutional dimensions that are the most relevant to the improvement of health outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa. To this end, institutional quality measures are integrated into a health production model. This model is estimated by the Two-stage least squares method on a panel of 45 countries observed over the period 1996-2018. The data used are from the World Bank. The results show that the most relevant institutional dimensions that improve health outcomes in the region are by order: rule of law, control of corruption, government effectiveness, voice and accountability and political stability and absence of violence. For these reasons, African decision-makers who often have limited resources can focus on a few key components of these institutional qualities or their combinations to improve health outcomes in their countries.

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The Assessing Promotive and Preventive Programs Efficiency in Indonesia: A Data Envelopment Analysis and Qualitative Approach

Buletin Penelitian Sistem Kesehatan ◽

10.22435/hsr.v23i2.2632 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 108-114

Author(s):

Mazda Novi Mukhlisa ◽

Windy Haryani ◽

Indra Yoga ◽

Rosa Estetika ◽

Wahyu Pudji Nugraheni

Keyword(s):

Data Envelopment Analysis ◽

Planning Process ◽

Group Discussion ◽

Health Resources ◽

Efficiency Score ◽

Production Model ◽

High Risk Population ◽

Data Envelopment ◽

Health Production ◽

High Performing

Health Operational Aid for promotive and preventive programs increases year by year. Despite that, health outcomes remain low. The objective of our study was to measure the technical eﬃciency of public health programs. We conducted a quantitative approach using Health Production Model to measure the eﬃciency of 315 districts across 34 provinces in Indonesia. To measure the eﬃciency score, we run the Data Envelopment Analysis. We also conducted a qualitative one to explore the source of ineﬃciency by managing interviews and focus group discussion to informants from six districts. The results indicated a wide variation in eﬃciency among districts. The average eﬃciency score was 63% with minimal and maximal scores were 15% and 100%, respectively. The high performing districts were in aﬄuent or accessible areas. The qualitative analysis resulted in districts with the mixed planning process and the exact basis for budget distribution, as well as various criteria for priority setting, have higher performance than those which have not. Moreover, there were speciﬁc cases played a role in the low performing districts, such as the high-risk population in remote areas and the vaccines issues on halal status. In conclusion, districts still can improve their eﬃciency in achieving health output using their health resources. Abstrak Bantuan Opersional Kesehatan (BOK) yang digunakan untuk membantu upaya program promotif dan preventif meningkat setiap tahunnya. Akan tetapi, keluaran kesehatan tetap rendah. Tujuan analisis ini adalah menilai eﬁ siensi teknis pada program kesehatan masyarakat yang menggunakan BOK. Dengan menggunakan Model Produksi Kesehatan, kami melakukan pendekatan kuantitatif untuk mengukur skor eﬁ siensi di 315 kabupaten/kota di Indonesia. Skor tersebut diukur dengan Data Envelopment Analysis. Kami juga melakukan pendekatan kualitatif untuk menggali lebih dalam tentang sumber ineﬁ siensi dengan melakukan wawancara dan diskusi kelompok terarah kepada informan di enam kabupaten/ kota. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa terdapat variasi skor eﬁ siensi antar kabupaten/kota. Rata-rata eﬁ siensi adalah 63% dengan skor minimal sebesar 15% dan maksimal sebesar 100%. Kabupaten/kota dengan skor eﬁ siensi tinggi berada di area kaya atau mudah diakses. Hasil kualitatif menunjukkan bahwa kabupaten/kota dengan perencanaan bottom-up yang dikombinasikan dengan top-down, kepastian dasar pembagian distribusi, dan beberapa kriteria untuk setting prioritas memiliki skor eﬁ siensi yang tinggi. Masalah khusus yang dihadapi kabupaten/kota juga berperan dalam ineﬁ siensi, seperti populasi berisiko tinggi di daerah terpencil atau isu halal/haram vaksin. Secara garis besar, kabupaten/ kota masih berpotensi meningkatan eﬁ siensi dalam mencapai output kesehatan dengan menggunakan sumber daya kesehatan yang dimilikinya.

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A case study on year round fodder production scheme for smallholder dairy producers in Bangladesh

Bangladesh Journal of Livestock Research ◽

10.3329/bjlr.v26i1-2.49940 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (1-2) ◽

pp. 79-102

Author(s):

NR Sarker ◽

F Tabassum D Yeasmin ◽

MA Habib ◽

MR Amin

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Family Income ◽

Live Weight ◽

Production Model ◽

Variable Cost ◽

Small Scale ◽

Common Salt ◽

Cost Ratio ◽

Her Family ◽

Fodder Production

This study was undertaken to develop a year round fodder production model for small scale dairy farmers. Five pregnant dairy cows of Red Chittagong Cattle (RCC) genotype were selected. For rearing five cows, 66 decimal of land was selected from existing fodder plots under Pachutia Research Farm at Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, Dhaka. The selected land was divided into two parts (33 decimal in each). One part was brought under perennial (Napier-4 and Splendida) and the 2nd part of land for seasonal (Maize & Matikalai) fodder production. Data on live weight and live weight gain of cows, birth weight of calves, feed intake, milk production, actual biomass yield for both perennial and seasonal fodder, yearly manure production were recorded and calculated. Napier-4 grass, splendida, maize, straw, silage were supplied to the experimental cows according to the seasonal availability in different months. Concentrate mixture were also supplied consisting of wheat bran, kheshari (red gram), soybean meal, maize crushed, til oil cake, DCP and common salt. Economics of the model revealed that considering the sale of milk, calves and manure and cost included only feed and land leased, a farm/family rearing 5 indigenous dairy cows with his/her family labours, he/she could earn around BDT 98 thousand in a year (1$ = 85 BDT) and the benefit cost ratio of the model on total variable cost and total cost were 1.86 and 1.66, respectively. Therefore, it may be recommended that a farmer having 5 adult dairy cows with 66 decimal land under fodder cultivation may earn substantial share of his/her family income as small-scale rural dairying. Bang. J. Livs. Res. Vol. 26 (1&2), 2019: P. 89-102

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Grass production model based grazing as the sustainable utilization of protected grasslands

Cereal Research Communications ◽

10.1556/crc.35.2007.2.6 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 189-192

Author(s):

Zsuzsanna Antal ◽

László Huzsvai

Keyword(s):

Production Model ◽

Sustainable Utilization ◽

Model Based ◽

Grass Production

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DECISION-MAKING ON INVESTMENT OF IT-INNOVATION BASED ON FUZZY EXPERT INFORMATION

VESTNIK OF ASTRAKHAN STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY SERIES MANAGEMENT COMPUTER SCIENCE AND INFORMATICS ◽

10.24143/2072-9502-2018-1-103-111 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 103-111

Author(s):

Olga Olegovna Eremenko ◽

Lyubov Borisovna Aminul ◽

Elena Vitalievna Chertina

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Individual Characteristics ◽

Production Model ◽

Investment Management ◽

It Projects ◽

Product Model ◽

Project Cost ◽

Reasoning System ◽

Managerial Decisions ◽

The Individual

The subject of the research is the process of making managerial decisions for innovative IT projects investing. The paper focuses on the new approach to decision making on investing innovative IT projects using expert survey in a fuzzy reasoning system. As input information, expert estimates of projects have been aggregated into six indicators having a linguistic description of the individual characteristics of the project type "high", "medium", and "low". The task of decision making investing has been formalized and the term-set of the output variable Des has been defined: to invest 50-75% of the project cost; to invest 20-50% of the project cost; to invest 10-20% of the project cost; to send the project for revision; to turn down investing project. The fuzzy product model of making investment management decisions has been developed; it adequately describes the process of investment management. The expediency of using constructed production model on a practical example is shown.

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