scholarly journals Should infant psychology rely on the violation‐of‐expectation method? Not anymore

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Paulus
Keyword(s):  
Violation Of Expectation

scholarly journals Interest contagion in violation-of-expectation-based false-belief tasks

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Falck ◽  
Ingar Brinck ◽  
Magnus Lindgren
Keyword(s):  
False Belief ◽  
False Belief Tasks ◽  
Violation Of Expectation

Semantic and pragmatic uses of ‘but’

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Function ◽  
Semantic Relationships ◽  
Pragmatic Function ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Violation Of Expectation

ABSTRACTAll uses of the connective but by narrating children 3; 6 to 9; 6 were classified as having primarily semantic function, pragmatic function, or as errors. The youngest children make the majority of errors, mistakenly using but when causal or precausal relationships exist. All children most commonly use but to signal semantic relationships such as semantic opposition or violation of expectation, although the oldest children use but proportionately more to encode more complex contrasts. However, children at all ages also use but for primarily pragmatic functions, to interrupt the flow of their narrative in order to insert relevant comments, monitor the listener's attention, or change topic. If discourse can be conceptualized as having multiple levels, but signals a change in level within a speaker's turn.

scholarly journals Making Sense of Infants’ Differential Responses to Incongruity

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
Gina C. Mireault ◽  
Vasudevi Reddy
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Sense Making ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
The World ◽  
Differential Responses ◽  
Violation Of Expectation ◽  
Contextual Differences

Infants show strikingly different reactions to incongruity: looking or smiling. The former occurs in response to magical events and the latter to humorous events. We argue that these reactions depend largely on the respective experimental methodologies employed, including the popular violation of expectation (VOE) paradigm. Although both types of studies involve infants’ reactions to incongruity, their literatures have yet to confront each other, and researchers in each domain are drawing strikingly different conclusions regarding infants’ understanding of the world. Here, we argue that infants are sensitive to and constrained by several contextual differences in the methodologies employed by incongruity researchers that afford one or the other reaction. We apply De Jaegher and Di Paolo’s participatory sense-making framework to further understand what infants are sensitive to in these paradigms. Understanding infants’ reactions to incongruity (i.e., VOE) is necessary to clear up claims regarding the sophistication of their knowledge of physical and social phenomena. Attention to several simple methodological details is recommended.

“It’s Global Warming, Stupid”: Aggressive Communication Styles and Political Ideology in Science Blog Debates About Climate Change

2020 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 1003-1025
Author(s):  
Shupei Yuan ◽  
Hang Lu
Keyword(s):  
Political Ideology ◽  
Behavioral Intentions ◽  
Psychological Reactance ◽  
Communication Styles ◽  
Expectancy Violation ◽  
Important Mediator ◽  
Aggressive Communication ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Violation Of Expectation ◽  
Moderating Role

The current study examined the effects of aggressive communication styles on individuals’ pro-environmental behavioral intentions. Two underlying mechanisms—psychological reactance and expectancy violation—as well as the moderating role played by political ideology were investigated. An online experiment ( N = 423) was conducted and the results showed that more aggressive style was more likely to trigger psychological reactance and violation of expectation, liberals responded more negatively to the aggressive message than conservatives, and expectancy violation was an important mediator. The findings provide explanations for how communication styles affect individuals’ information processing and offer implications regarding selecting communication styles wisely.

scholarly journals Dogs' looking times and pupil dilation response reveal expectations about contact causality

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph J. Völter ◽  
Ludwig Huber
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Canis Familiaris ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Contact Condition ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Causal Perception ◽  
Violation Of Expectation ◽  
Kinematic Properties

Contact causality is one of the fundamental principles allowing us to make sense of our physical environment. From an early age, humans perceive spatio-temporally contiguous launching events as causal. Surprisingly little is known about causal perception in non-human animals, particularly outside the primate order. Violation-of-expectation paradigms in combination with eye-tracking and pupillometry have been used to study physical expectations in human infants. In the current study, we establish this approach for dogs ( Canis familiaris ). We presented dogs with realistic three-dimensional animations of launching events with contact (regular launching event) or without contact between the involved objects. In both conditions, the objects moved with the same timing and kinematic properties. The dogs tracked the object movements closely throughout the study but their pupils were larger in the no-contact condition and they looked longer at the object initiating the launch after the no-contact event compared to the contact event. We conclude that dogs have implicit expectations about contact causality.

scholarly journals When expectations are not met: unraveling the computational mechanisms underlying the effect of expectation on perceptual thresholds

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Buse M. Urgen ◽  
Huseyin Boyaci
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Prior Information ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Behavioral Effects ◽  
Decision Threshold ◽  
Internal Parameters ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Violation Of Expectation

AbstractExpectations and prior knowledge strongly affect and even shape our visual perception. Specifically, valid expectations speed up perceptual decisions, and determine what we see in a noisy stimulus. Bayesian models have been remarkably successful to capture the behavioral effects of expectation. On the other hand several more mechanistic neural models have also been put forward, which will be referred as “predictive computation models” here. Both Bayesian and predictive computation models treat perception as a probabilistic inference process, and combine prior information and sensory input. Despite the well-established effects of expectation on recognition or decision-making, its effects on low-level visual processing, and the computational mechanisms underlying those effects remain elusive. Here we investigate how expectations affect early visual processing at the threshold level. Specifically, we measured temporal thresholds (shortest duration of presentation to achieve a certain success level) for detecting the spatial location of an intact image, which could be either a house or a face image. Task-irrelevant cues provided prior information, thus forming an expectation, about the category of the upcoming intact image. The validity of the cue was set to 100, 75 and 50% in different experimental sessions. In a separate session the cue was neutral and provided no information about the category of the upcoming intact image. Our behavioral results showed that valid expectations do not reduce temporal thresholds, rather violation of expectation increases the thresholds specifically when the expectation validity is high. Next, we implemented a recursive Bayesian model, in which the prior is first set using the validity of the specific experimental condition, but in subsequent iterations it is updated using the posterior of the previous iteration. Simulations using the model showed that the observed increase of the temporal thresholds in the unexpected trials is not due to a change in the internal parameters of the system (e.g. decision threshold or internal uncertainty). Rather, further processing is required for a successful detection when the expectation and actual input disagree. These results reveal some surprising behavioral effects of expectation at the threshold level, and show that a simple parsimonious computational model can successfully predict those effects.

scholarly journals Expectations about plant edibility in 6-month-old infants (Rioux & Wertz)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
camille rioux ◽  
Annie E. Wertz
Keyword(s):  
Whole Plants ◽  
Violation Of Expectation

Learning what to eat is not easy. Here we examined 6-month-olds’ expectations about what kinds of entities are likely to be edible using a violation-of-expectation setup in which infants viewed an actor eating parts of two different items. In Experiment 1 (N=40, 20 females), infants expected plants, relative to feature-matched artifacts, to be edible, replicating a previous finding. In Experiment 2 (N=40, 23 females), infants tended to differentially expect fruits to be edible, but not leaves. However, infants’ expectations about fruits presented on their own were attenuated relative to their expectations for whole plants. These findings suggest that there is selectivity in infants' edibility inferences and the kinds of resources prioritized in human diets have shaped infants’ food learning.

scholarly journals Stable individual differences in infants’ responses to violations of intuitive physics

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (27) ◽  
pp. e2103805118
Author(s):  
Jasmin Perez ◽  
Lisa Feigenson
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Expectancy Violations ◽  
Infant Research ◽  
Expected Outcome ◽  
Intuitive Physics ◽  
Violation Of Expectation ◽  
Expected Outcomes ◽  
Better Than

Infants look longer at impossible or unlikely events than at possible events. While these responses to expectancy violations have been critical for understanding early cognition, interpreting them is challenging because infants’ responses are highly variable. This variability has been treated as an unavoidable nuisance inherent to infant research. Here we asked whether the variability contains signal in addition to noise: namely, whether some infants show consistently stronger responses to expectancy violations than others. Infants watched two unrelated physical events 6 mo apart; these events culminated in either an impossible or an expected outcome. We found that infants who exhibited the strongest looking response to an impossible event at 11 mo also exhibited the strongest response to an entirely different impossible event at 17 mo. Furthermore, violation-of-expectation responses in infancy predicted children’s explanation-based curiosity at 3 y old. In contrast, there was no longitudinal relation between infants’ responses to events with expected outcomes at 11 and 17 mo, nor any link with later curiosity; hence, infants’ responses do not merely reflect individual differences in attention but are specific to expectancy violations. Some children are better than others at detecting prediction errors—a trait that may be linked to later cognitive abilities.

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