THE INHIBITING EFFECT OF THE TERMINAL BUD ON FLOWER FORMATION IN THE AXILLARY BUDS OF THE HADEN MANGO (MANGIFERA INDICA L.)

1946 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip C. Reece ◽  
J. R. Furr ◽  
W. C. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Flower Formation ◽  
Inhibiting Effect ◽  
Terminal Bud

scholarly journals Experiments on growth and inhibition. I.—The increase of inhibition with distance

1931 ◽  
Vol 108 (756) ◽  
pp. 209-223 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Inhibiting Effect ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Young Leaves

Experiments were recently reported showing that, in young seedlings of Pisum sativum , the complete inhibiting effect which the shoot exerts upon its axillary buds comes entirely or almost entirely from three or four of its developing leave acting together (6). A single developing leaf was found usually to inhibit only partially—that is to say, sufficiently to delay the growth of an axillary bud below it, but not to check it completely. The strength of this partial inhibiting effect was measured by the retardation of the outgrowth of the axillary buds of the first or lowest leaf, as compared with their growth in completely defoliated controls. Comparisons were further made of the inhibiting effects of single young leaves of equal sizes near the apex in seedlings of different ages and heights, and it was found that in very young short seedlings the inhibiting effect was very slight or inappreciable, although in seedlings of a height of about 30 mm. or more (but still possessing well filled cotyledons) the effect was strong.

scholarly journals The effect of the photoperiod on the level of endogenous growth regulators in pine (Pinus silvestris L.) seedlings

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krystyna Kriesel ◽  
Sławomir Ciesielska
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Pinus Silvestris ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
High Level

The investigations were performed on pine seedlings growing under 12, 16 and 20 hour photoperiods. In 4 succesive stages of seedling development i.e. after 2, 12, 18 and 30 weeks of culture morphological characters of the seedlings were measured and the levels of auxins-, gibberellins-, cytokininsand abscisic acid-like inhibitor were determined. The intensity of growth and development of juvenile leaves, needles and of the shoot was the lowest in plants growing under 12 hour photoperiod conditions. As the length of the photoperiod increased so did the intensity of these processes. Under the 12 hour photoperiod the development of scale leaves, axillary buds and the formation of the terminal bud started earliest. This process reached completion under the 12 hour photoperiod and the bud remained in a state of dormancy. Seedlings growing under the 12 hour photoperiod were characterized by a low level of stimulators, and at the same time by a high level of inhibitors. On the other hand in seedlings grown at 16 and 20 hour photoperiods the content of stimulators was higher and that of inhibitors lower. A high intensity of growth and development processes was correlated with a high level of stimulators while a high level of inhibitors was correlated with a low intensity of these processes.The obtained results suggest the participation of gibberellins and cytokinins in the processes of regulation of the initiation of scale leaves and axillary buds, and the participation of these hormones and of abscisic acid in the regulation of needle elongation.

Shoot development in Betula papyrifera. I. Short-shoot organogenesis

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 3049-3065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alastair D. Macdonald ◽  
D. H. Mothersill
Keyword(s):  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Shoot Buds ◽  
Female Inflorescence ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Short Shoots

Buds and developing branches of Betula papyrifera were collected weekly from mature trees during three successive growing seasons. Material was prepared to show stages of bud inception, development, and flushing and female inflorescence inception. Short shoots develop from (i) proximal axillary buds on long shoots (ii) short-shoot terminal buds, or (iii) axillary buds on flowering short shoots. An axillary bud apex forms a terminal bud after bud burst. An axillary bud possesses one outer rudimentary leaf, but all other short-shoot buds have three outer rudimentary leaves. All short-shoot buds possess, in addition, one–three embryonic foliage leaves and, distally, three primordial rudimentary leaves which form the outermost appendages of the succeeding terminal bud. Rudimentary leaf stipules form the cataphylls. Foliage leaf primordia are initiated in May – early June and rudimentary leaves arise in late June – July. If a bud apex is initiated in year n, female inflorescence induction occurs in late June of year n + 1 or any succeeding year. An axillary bud develops on a short shoot as a consequence of flowering; it is initiated concurrently with inflorescence development and its development is completed during flowering and seed maturation. Short- and long-shoot buds can be distinguished, upon dissection, in mid-July when buds are forming. Hence, determination of potential long and short shoots occurs the year before bud burst.

scholarly journals Effect of Photoperiod and Shoot Decapitation on Flowering of Leucospermum `Red Sunset'

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel G. Malan ◽  
Gerard Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Effective Length ◽  
Flower Formation ◽  
Incandescent Light ◽  
Vegetative Buds ◽  
Correlative Inhibition ◽  
Short Days

Incandescent light night break (NB) and day continuation (DC) prevented flower formation in Leucospermum R.Br. cv. Red Sunset. Natural short days (NSD) during winter were inductive for flowering of intact shoots until 28 Aug. (Southern Hemisphere), but only until 24 July for decapitated shoots. Vegetative axillary buds released from correlative inhibition by shoot decapitation were less responsive to inductive short days (SD) than distal axillary buds on intact shoots. At least 42 inductive SD cycles were required for normal flowering after cessation of shoot growth. The effective length of the NB depended on the length of the NSD of winter. A 2-hr NB prevented flowering in vegetative buds released from correlative inhibition by shoot decapitation on 3 Mar., but was inadequate for axillary buds on shoots decapitated on 1 May. When the NB was begun during winter and discontinued before natural day (ND) lengths became too long in spring, the flowering time was delayed.

Activité mitotique et croissance des bourgeons axillaires provoquées par la décapitation de jeunes plants de fève (Vicia faba)

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (22) ◽  
pp. 2478-2488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne Couot-Gastelier
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Intact Plants ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Vicia Faba L ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Cambial Zone ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Axillary Bud Growth

Buds of intact plants of Vicia faba L. are partially inhibited. Decapitation of the terminal bud of plants with four leaves leads to the reactivation of all the axillary buds, but to the growth of only the basal ones. The first events induced by the terminal bud excision do not occur at the level of the axillary buds, but affect rather the main axis.The kinetic study of the mitotic reactivation shows that the activation begins in cell layers of the cambial zone in the subapical internodes of the stem 1 h after decapitation and after 4 h in the more basal ones.The subapical axillary buds are first reactivated, but only temporarily, 8 h after the principal bud excision. The lower axillary buds are reactivated later, after 12 h, and their growth then becomes autonomous.These results are discussed with regard to the regulatory role of the main axis on axillary bud growth.

scholarly journals Environmental Control of Garlic Growth and Florogenesis

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rina Kamenetsky ◽  
Idit London Shafir ◽  
Hanita Zemah ◽  
Amalia Barzilay ◽  
H.D. Rabinowitch
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Fertility Restoration ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Short Photoperiod ◽  
Flower Formation ◽  
Long Photoperiod

An understanding of temperature and photoperiod effect on garlic (A. sativum L.) growth and florogenesis might solve the enigma of garlic sterility and provide environmental tools for flowering regulation and fertility restoration. The effect of storage temperature and growth conditions on the interactive relationships between the developing vegetative and reproductive organs was studied. A long photoperiod for more than 2 weeks was required for both dormancy induction of the axillary buds and clove formation. In contrast, combination of low temperatures with short photoperiod resulted in sprouting of the axillary buds. Four phases were recognized in the florogenesis of garlic, including: transition of the apical meristem, scape elongation, inflorescence differentiation, and completion of floral development. In garlic accession #2091, meristem transition is autonomous and occurs in growing plants under a variety of storage and growth conditions. A long photoperiod triggers the initial elongation of the scape in post-transitional plants. The temperature effect was quantitative: low storage and growth temperatures combined with long photoperiod promoted scape elongation, whereas warm temperatures and long photoperiod promoted the translocation of reserves to the cloves, and the degeneration of the developing inflorescence. Differentiation of topsets followed flower formation and was dominated by and required lengthy exposure to long photoperiod. Hence, under short photoperiod with only short interruption of long photoperiod, normal development of fertile flowers occurred. We conclude that in bolting garlic genotypes, manipulation of the environment, both before and after planting, can regulate the development of flowers and regain fertility. Normal flowering cannot be achieved if any of the four developmental stages of florogenesis mentioned above is inhibited.

Pistillate flower development in eastern black walnut

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1514-1519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen L. Schaffer ◽  
Milon F. George ◽  
Michael Peleg ◽  
H. Eugene Garrett ◽  
Robert A. Cecich
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Pistillate Flower ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Flower Formation ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Endosperm Tissue ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Eastern Black Walnut

Preliminary observations of terminal bud development in eastern black walnut (Juglansnigra L. cv. Ogden) were made from midwinter through early May of 1987 using light microscopy. Flattened meristems, characteristic of pistillate flower initiation, were present in late February. Pistillate flower differentiation progressed significantly during early and mid-April, with sepal and ovule development being evident. Terminal bud swelling was clearly visible by the last week of April, and pistillate flowers were fully expanded by the first week of May. During the spring of 1988, a more detailed sequence of pistillate flower formation was recorded. In mid-April, pistillate flower meristems were clearly present and were enclosed in involucre tissue. Sepal development was also evident. By the end of April, a single pistil had emerged in the center of the meristem. As development continued, a single orthotropous ovule was formed and was surrounded by one integument. Concomitant with the growth of the ovule during early May, stigmatic regions enlarged, involutions developed, and vascular tissue became differentiated. Blooming occurred during the 2nd and 3rd weeks of May. During the 3rd and 4th weeks of May fertilized flowers with endosperm tissue were observed. In 1991, field observations of bud swell, catkin development, bud break, stem elongation, leaf expansion, and pistillate flower development were made to supplement the histological observations made in 1988. Overall, the developmental sequence of pistillate flower formation is similar to that of protandrus cultivars of English walnut (Juglansregia L.).

Development of long-shoot terminal buds of western white pine (Pinus monticola)

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1308-1321 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. Owens ◽  
Marje Molder
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Western White Pine

Long-shoot terminal bud (LSTB) development in western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl.) was studied throughout the annual growth cycle to determine the phenology of LSTB development and the time of cone-bud differentiation. Development of LSTB began in early April and cataphylls were initiated from mid-August until early November. Cataphyll initiation was slow during May and June when shoots were elongating and then rapid just after shoot elongation was completed. Proximal cataphylls were sterile, whereas more distal cataphylls began to initiate axillary buds by late June or early July. Axillary buds were initiated first in the proximal portions of the LSTB and then acropetally in rapid succession. The last cataphylls to be initiated in the fall remained as sterile bud scales enclosing the LSTB apex. Axillary buds initiated sterile cataphylls which functioned as bud scales. The number varied with the type of axillary bud. Proximal axillary buds initiated few cataphylls and began to differentiate into dwarf shoots or pollen cones in August. The more distal axillary buds differentiated into dwarf shoots during September and October, The most distal axillary buds initiated many cataphylls during September and October but did not differentiate into seed-cone buds or lateral branch buds until after winter dormancy. Consequently, attempts to induce or enhance seed-cone production in P. monticola would probably be most successful in the spring when seed-cone buds differentiate. LSTB bearing seed cones were larger, had broader apices, and produced more cataphylls during the growing season than did LSTB bearing pollen cones. The phenology of LSTB development in soft pines and hard pines is discussed in relation to reports available on the association of cone crops and climatic conditions in several species of Pinus.

Seasonal changes in photosynthate transport within elongating shoots of Populus grandidentata

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 2547-2559 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Shoot Tip ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Populus Grandidentata

Individual leaves on 5-year-old suckers of bigtooth aspen (Populus grandidentata Michx.) were exposed to 14CO2 to detect seasonal changes in photosynthate transport. As new leaves developed at the base of currently elongating shoots, they initially acted as translocation sinks and utilized stored carbohydrates. Basal (first-formed) leaves began to translocate around the first of June. Initially, these leaves transported mainly acropetally to the shoot tip, but within 2 weeks they were transporting photosynthate basipetally toward the main stem. Translocation patterns from leaves midway on the shoot were similar, but these leaves continued to export mainly to the stem tip until early July. Tip (last-formed) leaves did not begin to translocate significant quantities of photosynthates until late July.Basal, middle, and tip leaves transported photosynthates into axillary buds; base leaves mainly in June, middle leaves mainly in July, and tip leaves mainly in August. The terminal bud imported photosynthates from all leaves on the shoot and accumulated several times more 14C label than did axillary buds at the base of the shoot.

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