scholarly journals Experiments on growth and inhibition. I.—The increase of inhibition with distance

1931 ◽  
Vol 108 (756) ◽  
pp. 209-223 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Inhibiting Effect ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Young Leaves

Experiments were recently reported showing that, in young seedlings of Pisum sativum , the complete inhibiting effect which the shoot exerts upon its axillary buds comes entirely or almost entirely from three or four of its developing leave acting together (6). A single developing leaf was found usually to inhibit only partially—that is to say, sufficiently to delay the growth of an axillary bud below it, but not to check it completely. The strength of this partial inhibiting effect was measured by the retardation of the outgrowth of the axillary buds of the first or lowest leaf, as compared with their growth in completely defoliated controls. Comparisons were further made of the inhibiting effects of single young leaves of equal sizes near the apex in seedlings of different ages and heights, and it was found that in very young short seedlings the inhibiting effect was very slight or inappreciable, although in seedlings of a height of about 30 mm. or more (but still possessing well filled cotyledons) the effect was strong.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic and physiological analyses of rice seedlings under different nitrogen supplies provide insight into the regulation involved in axillary bud outgrowth

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongna Wang ◽  
Junjie Qian ◽  
Zhongming Fang ◽  
Jihua Tang
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Rice Seedlings ◽  
Transcriptomic Data ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Axillary Bud Growth ◽  
Axillary Bud Outgrowth

Abstract Background: N is an important macronutrient required for plant development and significantly influences axillary bud outgrowth, which affects tillering and grain yields of rice. However, how different N concentrations affect axillary bud growth at the molecular and transcriptional levels remains unclear. Results: In this study, morphological changes in the axillary bud growth of rice seedlings under different N concentrations ranging from low to high levels were systematically observed. To investigate the expression of N-induced genes involved in axillary bud growth, we used RNA-seq technology to generate mRNA transcriptomic data from two tissue types, basal parts and axillary buds, of plants grown under six different N concentrations. In total, 10,221 and 12,180 DEGs induced by LN or HN supplies were identified in the basal parts and axillary buds, respectively, via comparisons to expression levels under NN level. Analysis of the coexpression modules from the DEGs of the basal parts and axillary buds revealed an abundance of related biological processes underlying the axillary bud growth of plants under N treatments. Among these processes, the activity of cell division and expansion was positively correlated with the growth rate of axillary buds of plants grown under different N supplies. Additionally, TFs and phytohormones were shown to play crucial roles in determining the axillary bud growth of plants grown under different N concentrations. Further validation of OsGS1;2 and OsGS2 , the rice mutants of which presented altered tiller numbers, validated our transcriptomic data. Conclusion: These results indicate that different N concentrations affect the axillary bud growth rate, and our study revealed comprehensive expression profiles of genes that respond to different N concentrations, providing an important resource for future studies attempting to determine how axillary bud growth is controlled by different N supplies.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Nutrition Promotes Rhizome Bud Outgrowth via Regulation of Cytokinin Biosynthesis Genes and an Oryza longistaminata Ortholog of FINE CULM 1

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyohei Shibasaki ◽  
Arika Takebayashi ◽  
Nobue Makita ◽  
Mikiko Kojima ◽  
Yumiko Takebayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Cytokinin Biosynthesis ◽  
Rhizome Growth ◽  
Oryza Longistaminata ◽  
Rhizome Bud ◽  
Axillary Bud Growth

Oryza longistaminata, a wild rice, can propagate vegetatively via rhizome formation and, thereby, expand its territory through horizontal growth of branched rhizomes. The structural features of rhizomes are similar to those of aerial stems; however, the physiological roles of the two organs are different. Nitrogen nutrition is presumed to be linked to the vegetative propagation activity of rhizomes, but the regulation of rhizome growth in response to nitrogen nutrition and the underlying biological processes have not been well characterized. In this study, we analyzed rhizome axillary bud growth in response to nitrogen nutrition and examined the involvement of cytokinin-mediated regulation in the promotion of bud outgrowth in O. longistaminata. Our results showed that nitrogen nutrition sufficiency promoted rhizome bud outgrowth to form secondary rhizomes. In early stages of the response to nitrogen application, glutamine accumulated rapidly, two cytokinin biosynthesis genes, isopentenyltransferase, and CYP735A, were up-regulated with accompanying cytokinin accumulation, and expression of an ortholog of FINE CULM1, a negative regulator of axillary bud outgrowth, was severely repressed in rhizomes. These results suggest that, despite differences in physiological roles of these organs, the nitrogen-dependent outgrowth of rhizome axillary buds in O. longistaminata is regulated by a mechanism similar to that of shoot axillary buds in O. sativa. Our findings provide a clue for understanding how branched rhizome growth is regulated to enhance nutrient acquisition strategies.

scholarly journals Occurrence of circular vessels above axillary buds in stems of woody plants

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zygmunt Hejnowicz ◽  
Ewa U. Kuczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Cell Arrangement ◽  
Cambial Zone ◽  
The Stability

The circular vessels generally occur in intact wood stems just above the axillary buds. In this region the cell arrangement with vortices occurs. We interprete the circular vessels as the result of circular polarity in the cambial zone of the region above the axillary bud. The stability of circular polarity in this region is based on the vorticity of the cambium cells arrangement.

scholarly journals Patterns of axillary bud activity in white clover

1990 ◽  
pp. 247-249
Author(s):  
P.C.D. Newton ◽  
M.J.M. Hay ◽  
V.J. Thomas ◽  
E.M. Glasgow ◽  
H.B. Dick
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Ecological Significance ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Bud Site

The activity of white clover axillary buds was studied over a 13 month period in populations from set-stocked (S) and rotationally grazed (R) pastures. Bud activity in the field was observed and the viability of inactive buds was tested in the laboratory. R populations had significantly greater percentages of nodes bearing active buds, potentially active buds and roots. Two kinds of dormancy were identified in axillary buds. For much of the year buds at approximately 26% of nodes were prevented from growing, probably by a combination of correlative factors and the environmental conditions surrounding each bud-site. During spring, very few buds could be stimulated to grow; these buds were regarded as showing the second form of dormancy. The R population had a deeper but less prolonged 'spring dormancy'. The physiological basis and ecological significance of 'spring dormancy' are considered. Keywords white clover, dormancy, axillary buds

scholarly journals Axillary bud and pericycle involved in the thickening process of the rhizophore nodes in Smilax species

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 718-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Appezzato-da-Glória ◽  
JM Silva ◽  
MKM Soares ◽  
AN Soares ◽  
AR Martins
Keyword(s):  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Cortical Layer ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Underground Structures ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Forested Areas

AbstractThe species of the genus Smilax, popularly known as sarsaparilla, are widely used in folk medicine due to the antirheumatic properties of its underground structures. Smilax fluminensis and S. syphilitica occur in forested areas and form thickened stems called rhizophores from which adventitious roots grow. To provide information for more accurate identification of the commercialised product and for elucidating the process of stem thickening, a morphology and anatomy study of the underground organs of the two species was conducted. The adventitious roots differ in colour and diameter depending on the stage of development. They are white and have a larger diameter in the early stages of development, but as they grow, the adventitious roots become brown and have a smaller diameter due to the disintegration of the epidermis and virtually the entire cortex. In brown roots, the covering function is then performed by the lignified endodermis and the remaining walls of the cells from the last parenchyma cortical layer. These results are similar to those found in studies of other Smilax and suggest that the anatomy of the roots can be useful for identifying fraud in commercialised materials. The thickening process of the nodal regions of the rhizophores in both species involves the activity of axillary buds and pericyclic layers.

scholarly journals Trehalose 6-phosphate is involved in triggering axillary bud outgrowth in garden pea (Pisum sativum L.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 611-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska Fichtner ◽  
Francois F. Barbier ◽  
Regina Feil ◽  
Mutsumi Watanabe ◽  
Maria Grazia Annunziata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Garden Pea ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Axillary Bud Outgrowth

scholarly journals The effect of quercetine on leaf abscission of apple tree (Malus domestica Borkh.), growth of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.), and ethylene production

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 559-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Fišerová ◽  
J. Šebánek ◽  
J. Hradilík ◽  
S. Procházka
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Polar Transport ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Inhibiting Effect ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum L ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Pea Seedlings

This study compares effects of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) and flavonoid quercetine (Q). In spite of the fact that both these compounds are inhibitors of the polar transport of auxin, a number of experiments demonstrated that their properties are different. If the flax seedlings were decapitated and one cotyledon was removed, the axillary bud of the remaining cotyledon grew up more intensively while TIBA (0.5% applied in the form of a lanolin paste on the remaining cotyledon) induced a correlative reversal so that axillars of removed cotyledons grew up more intensively. However, when Q (0.5%) was applied on the remaining cotyledon in the form of a lanolin paste, this inhibition was not significant. In the lamina-deprived petioles of apple trees TIBA accelerated abscission while Q caused an inhibiting effect similar to that of auxin. TIBA applied on epicotyls of pea seedlings inhibited their growth by 35% while Q only by 15%. As far as the release of ethylene by pea seedlings is concerned, both compounds showed promoting effects similar to the effect of auxin.

Physiological and ecological studies on the oestrogenic isoflavones in subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.). VI. Effects of defoliation including grazing

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Isoflavone Content ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels

The effects of defoliating plants of different ages in different ways on the isoflavone content of the remaining leaves were investigated. When the fully expanded leaves were removed from 3-month-old plants, formononetin and genistein were reduced and brochanin A was unaffected in leaves which expanded during the subsequent 10 days. In seedlings, all three isoflavones were reduced in concentration following defoliation. But when young leaves were removed from seedlings, the isoflavones in the older remaining leaves were increased. It is suggested that severe defoliation affects soluble carbohydrate levels which in turn affect the synthesis of the isoflavones. Continuous grazing with 3–7 breeding ewes per acre had little wffect on isoflavone levels in fully expanded clover leaves.

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