Free chlorine versus ammonia-chlorine: disinfection, trihalomethane formation, and zooplankton removal

1983 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 196-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.P. Mitcham ◽  
M.W. Shelley ◽  
C.M. Wheadon
Keyword(s):  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Chlorine Disinfection

Free Chlorine Disinfection of Full-Scale MBR Effluent to Achieve 5-Log Virus Inactivation

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (7) ◽  
pp. 623-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Ikehata ◽  
Yuan Li ◽  
Andrew T. Komor ◽  
Gregory W. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Full Scale ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Virus Inactivation ◽  
Chlorine Disinfection

scholarly journals The synergistic effect of Escherichia coli inactivation by sequential disinfection with low level chlorine dioxide followed by free chlorine

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wu Yang ◽  
Dong Yang ◽  
Sui-Yi Zhu ◽  
Bo-Yan Chen ◽  
Ming-Xin Huo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Chlorine Disinfection ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
Positive Effect

To the best of our knowledge, there was little information available on pathogen removal using low level disinfectant followed by free chlorine in sequential disinfection (SD). This study investigated Escherichia coli inactivation by four types of disinfection: single step disinfection (SSD), SD, traditional sequential disinfection (TSD) and mixed disinfectant disinfection (MDD). Results indicated that SD had higher ability to inactivate E. coli than the others, indicating there was a positive synergistic effect on chlorine disinfection by prior dosing with a low level of chlorine dioxide (ClO2). The ONPG assay suggested that the permeability of cell wall rather than the viability of E. coli were changed under 0.02 mg/l ClO2 treatment. The coexistence of residual ClO2 and free chlorine also plays an active synergistic effect. Additionally, temperature had a positive effect on E. coli inactivation in SD, while inactivation was reduced in alkaline compared to neutral and acidic conditions.

Free Chlorine Disinfection Mechanisms of Rotaviruses and Human Norovirus Surrogate Tulane Virus Attached to Fresh Produce Surfaces

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (20) ◽  
pp. 11999-12006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miyu Fuzawa ◽  
Elbashir Araud ◽  
Jianrong Li ◽  
Joanna L. Shisler ◽  
Thanh H. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Produce ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Chlorine Disinfection ◽  
Tulane Virus

scholarly journals Recombinant adenovirus as a model to evaluate the efficiency of free chlorine disinfection in filtered water samples

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana A Nascimento ◽  
Maria E Magri ◽  
Camila D Schissi ◽  
Célia Barardi
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Recombinant Adenovirus ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Chlorine Disinfection

scholarly journals Quantification of pathogen inactivation efficacy by free chlorine disinfection of drinking water for QMRA

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 625-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Petterson ◽  
T. A. Stenström
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Pathogen Inactivation ◽  
Log10 Reduction ◽  
Hypothetical Case ◽  
Chlorine Disinfection

To support the implementation of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) for managing infectious risks associated with drinking water systems, a simple modeling approach for quantifying Log10 reduction across a free chlorine disinfection contactor was developed. The study was undertaken in three stages: firstly, review of the laboratory studies published in the literature; secondly, development of a conceptual approach to apply the laboratory studies to full-scale conditions; and finally implementation of the calculations for a hypothetical case study system. The developed model explicitly accounted for variability in residence time and pathogen specific chlorine sensitivity. Survival functions were constructed for a range of pathogens relying on the upper bound of the reported data transformed to a common metric. The application of the model within a hypothetical case study demonstrated the importance of accounting for variable residence time in QMRA. While the overall Log10 reduction may appear high, small parcels of water with short residence time can compromise the overall performance of the barrier. While theoretically simple, the approach presented is of great value for undertaking an initial assessment of a full-scale disinfection contactor based on limited site-specific information.

scholarly journals Use of Integrated Cell Culture-PCR To Evaluate the Effectiveness of Poliovirus Inactivation by Chlorine

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 2267-2268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felisa Blackmer ◽  
Kelly A. Reynolds ◽  
Charles P. Gerba ◽  
Ian L. Pepper
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Chlorine Concentration ◽  
Chlorine Disinfection ◽  
Complete Inactivation ◽  
Cell Culture Assay ◽  
Current Standards

ABSTRACT Current standards, based on cell culture assay, indicate that poliovirus is inactivated by 0.5 mg of free chlorine per liter after 2 min; however, integrated cell culture-PCR detected viruses for up to 8 min of exposure to the same chlorine concentration, requiring 10 min for complete inactivation. Thus, the contact time for chlorine disinfection of poliovirus is up to five times greater than previously thought.

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