scholarly journals Use of Integrated Cell Culture-PCR To Evaluate the Effectiveness of Poliovirus Inactivation by Chlorine

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 2267-2268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felisa Blackmer ◽  
Kelly A. Reynolds ◽  
Charles P. Gerba ◽  
Ian L. Pepper
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Chlorine Concentration ◽  
Chlorine Disinfection ◽  
Complete Inactivation ◽  
Cell Culture Assay ◽  
Current Standards

ABSTRACT Current standards, based on cell culture assay, indicate that poliovirus is inactivated by 0.5 mg of free chlorine per liter after 2 min; however, integrated cell culture-PCR detected viruses for up to 8 min of exposure to the same chlorine concentration, requiring 10 min for complete inactivation. Thus, the contact time for chlorine disinfection of poliovirus is up to five times greater than previously thought.

Inactivation of Pathogenic Serogroups of Yersinia enterocolitica by Chlorine

1995 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 1383-1385 ◽  
Author(s):  
SYED TOORA
Keyword(s):  
Yersinia Enterocolitica ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Chlorine Concentration ◽  
Serotype O ◽  
Complete Inactivation ◽  
Viable Cells ◽  
Food Isolate ◽  
Pathogenic Serotypes

Pathogenic strains of Yersinia enterocolitica serotypes O:3, O:5,27, and O:9 were observed to be highly susceptible to inactivation by chlorine at a concentration as low as 1 mg/l (1 ppm), as complete inactivation of viable cells (107 cells per ml) was observed in 20 s. Yersinia enterocolitica O:8 was less susceptible to a chlorine concentration of 2 mg/l compared to other pathogenic serotypes; its complete inactivation (107 cells per ml) was observed in 10 s in the presence of 10 mg/l of chlorine. Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:6,31 biotype 1A (nonpathogenic food isolate) was also completely inactivated (107 cells per ml) in 2 min by 5 mg/l of chlorine. A great deal of variation was observed among different serotypes of Yersinia enterocolitica in their pattern of inactivation by chlorine. A chlorine concentration of 10 mg/l was lethal, destroying viable cells of most common pathogenic serotypes of Yersinia enterocolitica in 2 min of contact time.

Evaluating Free Chlorine Disinfection of Viruses in Recycled Water: Effects of Free Chlorine CT, Dose, Residual, and Contact Time

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Munakata ◽  
S.-J. Huitric ◽  
C.-C. Tang ◽  
J. Kuo ◽  
P. Ackman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contact Time ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Chlorine Disinfection ◽  
Ct Dose ◽  
Water Effects

Free Chlorine Disinfection of Full-Scale MBR Effluent to Achieve 5-Log Virus Inactivation

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (7) ◽  
pp. 623-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Ikehata ◽  
Yuan Li ◽  
Andrew T. Komor ◽  
Gregory W. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Full Scale ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Virus Inactivation ◽  
Chlorine Disinfection

scholarly journals Detection of Infectious Virus from Field-collected Mosquitoes by Vero Cell Culture Assay

10.3791/2889 ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip M. Armstrong ◽  
Theodore G. Andreadis ◽  
Shannon L. Finan ◽  
John J. Shepard ◽  
Michael C. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Vero Cell ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Vero Cell Culture ◽  
Cell Culture Assay

scholarly journals Identification of Toxin A-Negative, Toxin B-Positive Clostridium difficile by PCR

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 2178-2182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haru Kato ◽  
Naoki Kato ◽  
Kunitomo Watanabe ◽  
Naoichi Iwai ◽  
Haruhi Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Toxin A ◽  
Toxin B ◽  
Cell Monolayers ◽  
Toxigenic Strains ◽  
Cell Culture Assay

Toxigenic strains of Clostridium difficile have been reported to produce both toxins A and B nearly always, and nontoxigenic strains have been reported to produce neither of these toxins. Recent studies indicate that it is not always true. We established a PCR assay to differentiate toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive (toxin A−, toxin B+) strains from both toxin-positive (toxin A+, toxin B+) strains and both toxin-negative (toxin A−, toxin B−) strains as an alternative to cell culture assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). By using the PCR primer set NK11 and NK9 derived from the repeating sequences of the toxin A gene, a shorter segment (ca. 700 bp) was amplified from toxin A−, toxin B+ strains compared to the size of the segment amplified from toxin A+, toxin B+ strains (ca. 1,200 bp), and no product was amplified from toxin A−, toxin B− strains. We examined a total of 421 C. difficile isolates by PCR. Of these, 48 strains showed a shorter segment by the PCR, were negative by ELISAs for the detection of toxin A, and were positive by cell culture assay. Although the cytotoxin produced by the toxin A−, toxin B+ strains was neutralized by anti-toxin B serum, the appearance of the cytotoxic effects on Vero cell monolayers was distinguishable from that of toxin A+, toxin B+ strains. By immunoblotting, the 44 toxin A−, toxin B+ strains were typed to serogroup F and the remaining four strains were serogroup X. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis separated the 48 strains into 19 types. The PCR assay for the detection of the repeating sequences combined with PCR amplification of the nonrepeating sequences of either the toxin A or the toxin B gene is indicated to be useful for differentiating toxin A−, toxin B+ strains from toxin A+, toxin B+ and toxin A−, toxin B− strains and will contribute to elucidation of the precise role of toxin A−, toxin B+ strains in intestinal diseases.

Development of a cell culture assay for Bordetella parapertussis heat-labile toxin

Biologicals ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiko Endoh ◽  
Masaaki Nagai ◽  
Drusilla L. Burns ◽  
Charles R. Manclark ◽  
Yasuklyo Nakase
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Bordetella Parapertussis ◽  
Heat Labile ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Cell Culture Assay

scholarly journals Surface Characteristics and Cell Adhesion Behaviors of the Anodized Biomedical Stainless Steel

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 6275
Author(s):  
Heng-Jui Hsu ◽  
Chia-Yu Wu ◽  
Bai-Hung Huang ◽  
Chi-Hsun Tsai ◽  
Takashi Saito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Culture ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Oxide Layer ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
In Vitro Cell Culture ◽  
Cell Culture Assay

In this study, an electrochemical anodizing method was applied as surface modification of the 316L biomedical stainless steel (BSS). The surface properties, microstructural characteristics, and biocompatibility responses of the anodized 316L BSS specimens were elucidated through scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, transmission electron microscopy, and in vitro cell culture assay. Analytical results revealed that the oxide layer of dichromium trioxide (Cr2O3) was formed on the modified 316L BSS specimens after the different anodization modifications. Moreover, a dual porous (micro/nanoporous) topography can also be discovered on the surface of the modified 316L BSS specimens. The microstructure of the anodized oxide layer was composed of amorphous austenite phase and nano-Cr2O3. Furthermore, in vitro cell culture assay also demonstrated that the osteoblast-like cells (MG-63) on the anodized 316L BSS specimens were completely adhered and covered as compared with the unmodified 316L BSS specimen. As a result, the anodized 316L BSS with a dual porous (micro/nanoporous) oxide layer has great potential to induce cell adhesion and promote bone formation.

Removal of Potential Carcinogens and Toxicants by Treatment Systems for Direct and Indirect Reuse of Wastewater Evaluated by Means of a Hamster Cell Culture Assay

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 355-363
Author(s):  
R Kfir ◽  
O W Prozesky
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Cell Transformation ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Transforming Activity ◽  
Reuse System ◽  
Cell Culture Assay ◽  
Reclamation System

Removal of potential carcinogens and toxicants by a direct wastewater reclamation system and an indirect wastewater reuse system was evaluated by means of a sensitive golden hamster cell transformation assay. Representative water samples from various stages of both the direct and the indirect reuse systems were introduced to the hamster cells and changes in the rate and pattern of cell growth were observed. Both systems proved to be highly effective in their removal of potential carcinogens and toxicants and there is no indication that the slight toxic and transforming activity detected in their final water may constitute a health hazard.

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