Higher Glucocorticoid Secretion in the Physiological Range Is Associated With Lower Bone Strength at the Proximal Radius in Healthy Children: Importance of Protein Intake Adjustment

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijie Shi ◽  
Alberto Sánchez-Guijo ◽  
Michaela F Hartmann ◽  
Eckhard Schönau ◽  
Jonas Esche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Strength ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Proximal Radius ◽  
Physiological Range

scholarly journals Effects of protein intake on blood pressure, insulin sensitivity and blood lipids in children: a systematic review

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trudy Voortman ◽  
Anna Vitezova ◽  
Wichor M. Bramer ◽  
Charlotte L. Ars ◽  
Paula K. Bautista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Blood Lipids ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Dietary Protein Intake ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Beneficial Effects

High protein intake in early childhood is associated with obesity, suggesting possible adverse effects on other cardiometabolic outcomes. However, studies in adults have suggested beneficial effects of protein intake on blood pressure (BP) and lipid profile. Whether dietary protein intake is associated with cardiovascular and metabolic health in children is unclear. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review the evidence on the associations of protein intake with BP, insulin sensitivity and blood lipids in children. We searched the databases Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central and PubMed for interventional and observational studies in healthy children up to the age of 18 years, in which associations of total, animal and/or vegetable protein intake with one or more of the following outcomes were reported: BP; measures of insulin sensitivity; cholesterol levels; or TAG levels. In the search, we identified 6636 abstracts, of which fifty-six studies met all selection criteria. In general, the quality of the included studies was low. Most studies were cross-sectional, and many did not control for potential confounders. No overall associations were observed between protein intake and insulin sensitivity or blood lipids. A few studies suggested an inverse association between dietary protein intake and BP, but evidence was inconclusive. Only four studies examined the effects of vegetable or animal protein intake, but with inconsistent results. In conclusion, the literature, to date provides insufficient evidence for effects of protein intake on BP, insulin sensitivity or blood lipids in children. Future studies could be improved by adequately adjusting for key confounders such as energy intake and obesity.

scholarly journals Prepubertal Healthy Children’s Urinary Androstenediol Predicts Diaphyseal Bone Strength in Late Puberty

2009 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 575-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Remer ◽  
Friedrich Manz ◽  
Michaela F. Hartmann ◽  
Eckhard Schoenau ◽  
Stefan A. Wudy
Keyword(s):  
Bone Strength ◽  
Quantitative Computed Tomography ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Bone Modeling ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Pubertal Stage ◽  
Diaphyseal Bone ◽  
Nutrition Research ◽  
Proximal Forearm

Abstract Context: During the physiological process of adrenarche, the adrenal glands of healthy children secrete increasing amounts of weak androgenic steroids partly metabolized to potent sex steroids. Objective: The aim of the study was to examine whether adrenal androgen metabolite excretion rates before the onset of puberty may be prospectively associated with late-pubertal diaphyseal bone strength. Setting: We conducted the study in an auxological and metabolic child nutrition research facility. Study Population and Design: The sample included 45 healthy adolescents who underwent proximal forearm bone and muscle area measurements by peripheral quantitative computed tomography at the age of 16 yr (sd 1.5) and who had collected a 24-h urine sample 8 yr earlier, allowing to quantify the prepubertal urine metabolome. Prepubertal hormonal predictors quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were: dehydroepiandrosterone, its 16-hydroxylated downstream metabolites, 5-androstene-3β,17β-diol (androstenediol), sums of total androgen and glucocorticoid metabolites, cortisol, and 6β-hydroxycortisol. Main Outcomes: Proximal forearm radius was measured. Results: Of all prepubertal hormones analyzed, only sex- and age-specific androstenediol levels significantly predicted pubertal stage-, height-, and muscularity-adjusted diaphyseal bone modeling (periosteal circumference, β = 0.67, P = 0.002; cortical area, β = 2.15, P = 0.02), bone mineral content (β = 2.2; P = 0.04), and polar strength strain index (β = 12.2; P = 0.002). Androstenediol explained 5–10% of the late-pubertal diaphyseal radius variability. Conclusions: Our prospective profiling of urinary steroid metabolites in 24-h urine samples collected before puberty suggests that androstenediol is an early predictor of the diaphyseal bone strength in late puberty. This predominantly peripheral conversion product of adrenarchal dehydroepiandrosterone by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase may hence be involved in a sustained improvement of radial bone accretion during growth.

scholarly journals Timing and pattern of postexercise protein ingestion affects whole-body protein balance in healthy children: a randomized trial

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 1142-1148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Volterman ◽  
Daniel R. Moore ◽  
Peter Breithaupt ◽  
Dominik Grathwohl ◽  
Elizabeth A. Offord ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Robust Regression ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Variable Intensity ◽  
Protein Balance ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Ingestion

The dose and timing of postexercise protein ingestion can influence whole-body protein balance (WBPB) in adults, although comparable data from children are scarce. This study investigated how protein intake (both amount and distribution) postexercise can affect WBPB in physically active children. Thirty-five children (26 males; 9–13 years old) underwent a 5-day adaptation diet, maintaining a protein intake of 0.95 g·kg−1·day−1. Participants consumed [15N]glycine (2 mg·kg−1) before performing 3 × 20 min of variable-intensity cycling, and whole-body protein kinetics were assessed over 6 and 24 h of recovery. Fifteen grams of protein was distributed across 2 isoenergetic carbohydrate-containing beverages (15 and 240 min postexercise) containing reciprocal amounts of protein (i.e., 0 + 15 g, 5 + 10 g, 10 + 5 g, and 15 + 0 g for Groups A–D, respectively). Over the 6 h that included the exercise bout and consumption of the first beverage at 15 min postexercise, WBPB (i.e., synthesis – breakdown) demonstrated a linear increase of 0.647 g·kg−1·day−1 per 1 g protein intake (P < 0.001). Over 24 h, robust regression revealed that WBPB was best modeled by a parabola (P < 0.05), suggesting that a maximum in WBPB was achieved between groups B and C. In conclusion, despite a dose response early in recovery, a periodized protein intake with multiple smaller doses after physical activity may be more beneficial than a single bolus dose in promoting daily WBPB in healthy active children.

scholarly journals Protein Intake at Breakfast Promotes a Positive Whole-Body Protein Balance in a Dose-Response Manner in Healthy Children: A Randomized Trial

2018 ◽  
Vol 148 (5) ◽  
pp. 729-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonidas G Karagounis ◽  
Kimberly A Volterman ◽  
Denis Breuillé ◽  
Elizabeth A Offord ◽  
Shahram Emady-Azar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Trial ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Protein Balance ◽  
Body Protein

scholarly journals Dietary arginine and linear growth: the Copenhagen School Child Intervention Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (6) ◽  
pp. 1031-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anneke J. A. H. van Vught ◽  
Pieter C. Dagnelie ◽  
Ilja C. W. Arts ◽  
Karsten Froberg ◽  
Lars B. Andersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
School Child ◽  
Growth Velocity ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Intervention Study ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Food Diary ◽  
Copenhagen School ◽  
Child Intervention

The amino acid arginine is a well-known growth hormone (GH) stimulator and GH is an important modulator of linear growth. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary arginine on growth velocity in children between 7 and 13 years of age. Data from the Copenhagen School Child Intervention Study during 2001–2 (baseline), and at 3-year and 7-year follow-up, were used. Arginine intake was estimated via a 7 d precoded food diary at baseline and 3-year follow-up. Data were analysed in a multilevel structure in which children were embedded within schools. Random intercept and slopes were defined to estimate the association between arginine intake and growth velocity, including the following covariates: sex; age; baseline height; energy intake; puberty stage at 7-year follow-up and intervention/control group. The association between arginine intake and growth velocity was significant for the third and fourth quintile of arginine intake (2·5–2·8 and 2·8–3·2 g/d, respectively) compared with the first quintile ( < 2·2 g/d) (P for trend = 0·04). Protein intake (excluding arginine) was significantly associated with growth velocity; however, the association was weaker than the association between arginine intake and growth velocity (P for trend = 0·14). The results of the present study suggest a dose-dependent physiological role of habitual protein intake, and specifically arginine intake, on linear growth in normally growing children. However, since the study was designed in healthy children, we cannot firmly conclude whether arginine supplementation represents a relevant clinical strategy. Further research is needed to investigate whether dietary arginine may represent a nutritional strategy potentially advantageous for the prevention and treatment of short stature.

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