Quantifying the effects of anaerobic soil disinfestation and other biological soil management strategies on nitrous oxide emissions from raised bed plasticulture tomato production

Surface-applied swine manure has the potential to generate ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O) and odour. Field research was conducted in Prince Edward Island to measure the simultaneous emissions of NH3, N2O and odour following the surface-application of swine manure. Manure was applied to a grain stubble field consisting of a sandy loam soil low in pH (5.6–5.9). The effect of manure type (liquid and solid), application rate [conventional/typical rate (1 ×): 30 000-36 000 L ha-1, double (2 ×): 60 000-72 000 L ha-1 and five times (5 ×): 180 000 L ha-1] and rainfall (8–200 mm) before and after liquid manure application were examined. There was no relationship between odour emissions and manure type, application rate and rainfall before and after spreading, due to high variability. Liquid manure (dry matter (DM = 45 g kg-1) reduced NH3 emissions by 32% compared with solid (DM = 350 g kg-1). Increasing application rates enhanced NH3 emissions; increasing the rate by 2 × and 5 × the typical rate increased losses by 62 and 78%, respectively. Applying manure prior to rainfall reduced NH3 emissions by 37%, compared with application after a rainfall. Ammonia and odour emissions were similarly correlated to atmospheric conditions with increased emissions at higher air and soil temperature, net radiation, vapour pressure deficit and windspeed. Nitrous oxide emissions were low in magnitude and showed no correlation to climatic conditions, suggesting that management strategies to reduce both odour and NH3 did not enhance N2O emissions when applied to a moderately acidic soil with low levels of soil nitrate (< 5 mg N kg-1). Our results indicate that for conditions similar to those in this study, there is no trade-off between NH3 and N2O production and more attention should be placed on controlling and reducing odour and NH3 emissions. Key words: Ammonia, nitrous oxide, odour, swine manure, management strategies

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Estimating nitrous oxide emissions from flood-irrigated alkaline grey clays

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr02068 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 197 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

Ian J. Rochester

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Mole Fraction ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Acid Soils ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

N2o Emissions ◽

15N Balance ◽

Alkaline Soils ◽

Negative Exponential Function ◽

Wide Range

Concern has mounted over recent decades regarding the emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere through human activities. Modern agriculture has contributed to this with elevated use of nitrogenous fertilizers and irrigation. Irrigated cotton grown on alkaline heavy clay soils often uses nitrogen fertiliser inefficiently, due largely to N loss (commonly 50–100 kg N/ha) through denitrification. However, the amount of denitrified N emitted as N2O has rarely been measured. This paper derives estimates of the quantities of N2O emitted from N fertiliser applied to alkaline grey clays.A negative exponential function between the N2O/N2 mole fraction and soil pH was derived from a search of laboratory and field studies published by numerous authors using a wide range of soil types. A greater proportion of N2O relative to N2 is emitted from acid soils; approximately equivalent amounts of each gas are emitted from soil of pH 6.0. For the alkaline grey clays (pH 8.3–8.5), the N2O/N2 mole fraction was about 0.024.The quantities of N2O emitted from alkaline grey clays during the growth of a cotton crop were estimated by applying this relationship to 15N balance studies where N fertiliser losses had been measured. Using this approach, about 2 kg N/ha (~1.1% of the N applied) was calculated to be lost as N2O during the cotton-growing season. This is similar to the value of 1.25% commonly used to estimate N2O emissions from N fertiliser, but this estimation should only be applied to alkaline soils; a larger percentage of the fertiliser N denitrified from acid soils should be emitted as N2O-N. These estimates of N2O emissions require validation with field experimentation.The low (negligible) values for N2O emission from flooded fields compared with laboratory observations are discussed. It is possible that high N2O emissions observed under laboratory conditions result from the shallow depth of soil, reducing the opportunity for N2O to be further reduced as it diffuses through the soil profile. Management strategies that have the potential to reduce N2O emissions are discussed.

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On-farm evaluations of anaerobic soil disinfestation and grafting for management of a widespread soilborne disease complex in protected culture tomato production

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-07-20-0288-r ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Anna Louise Testen ◽

Marlia Bosques Martinez ◽

Alejandra Jimenez Madrid ◽

Loic Deblais ◽

Christopher Taylor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Rot ◽

Black Dot ◽

Tomato Production ◽

Soil Disinfestation ◽

Soilborne Disease ◽

Disease Complex ◽

Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation ◽

Corky Root ◽

High Tunnels ◽

Corky Root Rot

Tomato production in Ohio protected culture systems is hindered by a soilborne disease complex consisting of corky root rot (Pyrenochaeta lycopersici), black dot root rot (Colletotrichum coccodes), Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae), and root-knot (Meloidogyne hapla and M. incognita). In a survey of 71 high tunnels, C. coccodes was detected in 90% of high tunnels, while P. lycopersici (46%), V. dahliae (48%) and Meloidogyne spp. (45%) were found in nearly half of high tunnels. Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) with wheat bran (20.2 Mg/ha) plus molasses (10.1 Mg/ha) and grafting onto ‘Maxifort’ or ‘Estamino’ rootstocks were evaluated in high tunnels on five farms. In post-ASD bioassays using trial soils, root and taproot rot severity were significantly reduced following ASD, and root-knot galling was also reduced by ASD. Soilborne pathogenic fungi were isolated less frequently from bioassay plants grown in ASD-treated soils than control soils. Similar results were observed in tomato plants grown in high tunnels. Root rot was significantly reduced by ASD in nearly all trials. Corky root rot severity was highest in non-grafted plants grown in non-treated soils, while the lowest levels of corky root rot were observed in Maxifort-grafted plants. Black dot root rot severity was higher or equivalent in grafted plants compared to non-grafted plants. Root-knot severity was lower in plants grown in ASD-treated soils in high tunnels compared to plants grown in control soils, but grafting did not significantly decrease root-knot severity. However, soil treatment did not significantly impact yield, and grafting led to inconsistent impacts on yield.

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Soil Management Practices to Mitigate Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Inform Emission Factors in Arid Irrigated Specialty Crop Systems

Soil Systems ◽

10.3390/soilsystems3040076 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 76

Author(s):

Xia Zhu-Barker ◽

Mark Easter ◽

Amy Swan ◽

Mary Carlson ◽

Lucas Thompson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Crop Production ◽

Management Practices ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Soil Management ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

Specialty Crops ◽

Specialty Crop ◽

The Impact

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from arid irrigated agricultural soil in California have been predicted to represent 8% of the state’s total GHG emissions. Although specialty crops compose the majority of the state’s crops in both economic value and land area, the portion of GHG emissions contributed by them is still highly uncertain. Current and emerging soil management practices affect the mitigation of those emissions. Herein, we review the scientific literature on the impact of soil management practices in California specialty crop systems on GHG nitrous oxide emissions. As such studies from most major specialty crop systems in California are limited, we focus on two annual and two perennial crops with the most data from the state: tomato, lettuce, wine grapes and almond. Nitrous oxide emission factors were developed and compared to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emission factors, and state-wide emissions for these four crops were calculated for specific soil management practices. Dependent on crop systems and specific management practices, the emission factors developed in this study were either higher, lower or comparable to IPCC emission factors. Uncertainties caused by low gas sampling frequency in these studies were identified and discussed. These uncertainties can be remediated by robust and standardized estimates of nitrous oxide emissions from changes in soil management practices in California specialty crop systems. Promising practices to reduce nitrous oxide emissions and meet crop production goals, pertinent gaps in knowledge on this topic and limitations of this approach are discussed.

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Nitrous oxide emissions during biological soil disinfestation with different organic matter and plastic mulch films in laboratory-scale tests

Environmental Technology ◽

10.1080/09593330.2015.1092494 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 432-438 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Morihiro Maeda ◽

Eisuke Kayano ◽

Taku Fujiwara ◽

Hideaki Nagare ◽

Satoshi Akao

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Laboratory Scale ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

Plastic Mulch ◽

Soil Disinfestation ◽

Biological Soil Disinfestation ◽

Mulch Films

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Implementation of Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation in Florida Tomato Production

EDIS ◽

10.32473/edis-hs1345-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 (6) ◽

pp. 5

Author(s):

Bodh R. Paudel ◽

Francesco Di Gioia ◽

Qiang Zhu ◽

Xin Zhao ◽

Monica Ozores-Hampton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pest Management ◽

Crop Production ◽

New Technique ◽

Tomato Production ◽

Soil Disinfestation ◽

Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation ◽

Promising Tool ◽

Production Improvement

Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is a relatively new technique that appears to be a promising tool for soilborne pest management and crop production improvement. This new 5-page publication of the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department is intended to introduce ASD for Florida vegetable growers. Written by Bodh R. Paudel, Francesco Di Gioia, Qiang Zhu, Xin Zhao, Monica Ozores-Hampton, Marilyn E. Swisher, Kaylene Sattanno, Jason C. Hong, and Erin N. Rosskopf. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1345

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