The Andes Cordillera. Part IV: spatio-temporal freshwater run-off distribution to adjacent seas (1979-2014)

Abstract G. rostochiensis is a world wide pest of temperate areas, including both temperate countries and temperate regions of tropical countries, for example India's Nigrilis region. Distribution is linked to that of the potato crop. Potato cyst nematode is considered to have originated from the Andes region of South America, from where it spread to Europe with potatoes. The ease with which it has been transported across continents proves what a resilient pest it is. The cyst form which adheres to host roots, stolons and tubers and to soil particles during transportation gives rise to new infestations where climate and food source are both available and favourable. Secondary means of dispersal is through the movement of contaminated farm machinery, farming implements and contaminated footwear. Cysts are also successfully spread by wind dispersal, during winter storms or sand storms where top soil is redistributed. Rain which causes flooding and water to run off fields into trenches or irrigation channels also redistributes cysts into adjoining areas.

Download Full-text

Fe Skarn, Iron Oxide Cu-Au, and Manto Cu-(Ag) Deposits in the Andes Cordillera of Southwest Mendoza Province (34 -36 S), Argentina

Exploration and Mining Geology ◽

10.2113/gsemg.16.3-4.233 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 16 (3-4) ◽

pp. 233-265 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

M.B. Franchini ◽

R.E. de Barrio ◽

M.J. Pons ◽

I.B. Schalamuk ◽

F.J. Rios ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Iron Oxide ◽

The Andes ◽

Andes Cordillera

Download Full-text

Pesticide occurrence and spatio-temporal variability in urban run-off across Australia

Water Research ◽

10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.010 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 115 ◽

pp. 245-255 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Megan A. Rippy ◽

Ana Deletic ◽

Jeff Black ◽

Rupak Aryal ◽

Jane-Louise Lampard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Temporal Variability ◽

Run Off ◽

Spatio Temporal

Download Full-text

Seasonal streamflow forecasts for Europe – Part I: Hindcast verification with pseudo- and real observations

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ◽

10.5194/hess-22-3453-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (6) ◽

pp. 3453-3472 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Wouter Greuell ◽

Wietse H. P. Franssen ◽

Hester Biemans ◽

Ronald W. A. Hutjes

Keyword(s):

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Lead Time ◽

River Flow ◽

Irrigation Management ◽

Skill Score ◽

Operating Characteristics ◽

Infiltration Capacity ◽

Run Off ◽

Spatio Temporal ◽

Roc Area

Abstract. Seasonal predictions of river flow can be exploited among others to optimise hydropower energy generation, navigability of rivers and irrigation management to decrease crop yield losses. This paper is the first of two papers dealing with a physical model-based system built to produce probabilistic seasonal hydrological forecasts, applied here to Europe. This paper presents the development of the system and the evaluation of its skill. The variable infiltration capacity (VIC) hydrological model is forced with bias-corrected output of ECMWF's seasonal forecast system 4. For the assessment of skill, we analysed hindcasts (1981–2010) against a reference run, in which VIC was forced by gridded meteorological observations. The reference run was also used to generate initial hydrological conditions for the hindcasts. The skill in run-off and discharge hindcasts is analysed with monthly temporal resolution, up to 7 months of lead time, for the entire annual cycle. Using the reference run output as pseudo-observations and taking the correlation coefficient as metric, hot spots of significant theoretical skill in discharge and run-off were identified in Fennoscandia (from January to October), the southern part of the Mediterranean (from June to August), Poland, northern Germany, Romania and Bulgaria (mainly from November to January), western France (from December to May) and the eastern side of Great Britain (January to April). Generally, the skill decreases with increasing lead time, except in spring in regions with snow-rich winters. In some areas some skill persists even at the longest lead times (7 months). Theoretical skill was compared to actual skill as determined with real discharge observations from 747 stations. Actual skill is generally substantially less than theoretical skill. This effect is stronger for small basins than for large basins. Qualitatively, the use of different skill metrics (correlation coefficient; relative operating characteristics, ROC, area; and ranked probability skill score, RPSS) leads to broadly similar spatio-temporal patterns of skill, but the level of skill decreases, and the area of skill shrinks, in the following order: correlation coefficient; ROC area below-normal (BN) tercile; ROC area above-normal (AN) tercile; ranked probability skill score; and, finally, ROC near-normal (NN) tercile.

Download Full-text

The Andes Cordillera. Part III: glacier surface mass balance and contribution to sea level rise (1979-2014)

International Journal of Climatology ◽

10.1002/joc.4907 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (7) ◽

pp. 3154-3174 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Sebastian H. Mernild ◽

Glen E. Liston ◽

Christopher Hiemstra ◽

Ryan Wilson

Keyword(s):

Mass Balance ◽

Sea Level Rise ◽

Sea Level ◽

Surface Mass Balance ◽

Glacier Surface ◽

Surface Mass ◽

The Andes ◽

Andes Cordillera

Download Full-text

Four years of atmospheric mercury records in Northwestern Patagonia (Argentina): potential sources, concentration patterns and influence of environmental variables observed at the GMOS EMMA station

10.5194/acp-2016-1076 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Maria C. Diéguez ◽

Patricia E. Garcia ◽

Mariantonia Bencardino ◽

Francesco D'Amore ◽

Jessica Castagna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Global Scale ◽

Atmospheric Mercury ◽

Observation System ◽

Monitoring Site ◽

Night Time ◽

Mean Values ◽

The Andes ◽

Southern Volcanic Zone ◽

Andes Cordillera ◽

Active Volcanoes

Abstract. The Global Mercury Observation System (GMOS) project, has developed a global-scale network of ground-based atmospheric monitoring sites, expanding the coverage of atmospheric mercury (Hg) measurements worldwide and improving the understanding of global atmospheric Hg transport and deposition, particularly in regions of the South Hemisphere where atmospheric Hg observational data is limited. This work provides the first continuous records of gaseous elemental Hg (GEM) concentrations observed from October 2012 to May 2016 in Northwestern Patagonia (Argentina) at the GMOS EMMA monitoring station (41°7'43.82" S, 71°25'11.89" W, 803 m a.s.l). The monitoring site is located inside Nahuel Huapi National Park, a natural reserve in the Lake District of Andean Patagonia. The area is within the Southern Volcanic Zone, influenced by several active volcanoes aligned in the Andes cordillera. During the studied period, GEM concentrations ranged between 0.23 and 1.43 ng m−3, with an annual mean of 0.9 ± 0.15 ng m−3. GEM records at EMMA station resemble background concentrations measured in Antarctica and other remote locations of the Southern Hemisphere. GEM concentrations showed seasonal variation with mean values higher during spring (0.93 ± 0.13 ng m−3) and winter (0.92 ± 0.10 ng m−3) followed by summer (0.86 ± 0.15 ng m−3) and at last by autumn (0.81 ± 0.15 ng m−3). Further, a clear daily pattern was observed, with higher GEM levels during day-time than at night-time across all seasons. Multivariate analyses showed that GEM levels are chiefly determined by meteorological parameters, and, in particular by the westerly winds which represented the most influential variable on GEM records. In order to investigate the potential impact of natural and/or anthropogenic emission sources as well as the role played by the long-range transport on GEM levels, analyses of HYSPLIT backward trajectories (BWT) were carried out for different periods characterized by low and high GEM concentrations. The BWT analysis highlighted the influence of clean oceanic air masses and also of the local and regional active volcanoes in the Andes cordillera.

Download Full-text

The Andes Cordillera. Part II: Rio Olivares Basin snow conditions (1979-2014), central Chile

International Journal of Climatology ◽

10.1002/joc.4828 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 1699-1715 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Sebastian H. Mernild ◽

Glen E. Liston ◽

Christopher A. Hiemstra ◽

Jacob C. Yde ◽

James McPhee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Chile ◽

The Andes ◽

Snow Conditions ◽

Andes Cordillera

Download Full-text

Identification of the sources of inertia-gravity waves in the Andes Cordillera region

Annales Geophysicae ◽

10.5194/angeo-26-2551-2008 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 26 (9) ◽

pp. 2551-2568 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

A. Spiga ◽

H. Teitelbaum ◽

V. Zeitlin

Keyword(s):

Gravity Waves ◽

Mesoscale Model ◽

Jet Stream ◽

Earth Atmosphere ◽

Jet Streams ◽

The Andes ◽

Wave Parameters ◽

The Earth ◽

Andes Cordillera ◽

Inertia Gravity Waves

Abstract. Four major sources of inertia-gravity waves are known in the Earth atmosphere: upper-tropospheric jet-streams, lower-tropospheric fronts, convection and topography. The Andes Cordillera region is an area where all of these major sources are potentially present. By combining ECMWF and NCEP-NCAR reanalysis, satellite and radiosoundings data and mesoscale WRF simulations in the Andes Cordillera region, we were able to identify the cases where, respectively, the jet-stream source, the convective source and the topography source are predominantly in action. We retrieve emitted wave parameters for each case, compare them, and analyse possible emission mechanisms. The WRF mesoscale model shows very good performance in reproducing the inertia-gravity waves identified in the data analysis, and assessing their likely sources.

Download Full-text

Annual River Runoff Variations and Trends for the Andes Cordillera

Journal of Hydrometeorology ◽

10.1175/jhm-d-17-0094.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (7) ◽

pp. 1167-1189 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sebastian H. Mernild ◽

Glen E. Liston ◽

Christopher A. Hiemstra ◽

Jacob C. Yde ◽

Gino Casassa

Keyword(s):

River Runoff ◽

Annual Runoff ◽

Spatiotemporal Variability ◽

Modeling Tools ◽

Ice Melt ◽

The Andes ◽

Glacier Ice ◽

High Runoff ◽

Over Time ◽

Andes Cordillera

Abstract We analyzed modeled river runoff variations west of the Andes Cordillera’s continental divide for 1979/80–2013/14 (35 years). Our foci were annual runoff conditions, runoff origins (rain, snowmelt, and glacier ice), and runoff spatiotemporal variability. Low and high runoff conditions were defined as occurrences that fall outside the 10th (low values) and 90th (high values) percentile values of the period of record. SnowModel and HydroFlow modeling tools were used at 4-km horizontal grid increments and 3-h time intervals. NASA Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) datasets were used as atmospheric forcing. This modeling system includes evaporation and sublimation from snow-covered surfaces, but it does not take into account evapotranspiration from bare and vegetation-covered soils and from river and lake surfaces. In general for the Andes Cordillera, the simulated runoff decreased before 1997 and increased afterward. This could be due to a model precipitation artifact in the MERRA forcing. If so, this artifact would influence the number of years with low runoff values, which decreased over time, while the number of high runoff values increased over time. For latitudes south of ~40°S, both the greatest decrease in the number of low runoff values and the greatest increase in high runoff values occurred. High runoff values averaged 84% and 58% higher than low values for nonglacierized and glacierized catchments, respectively. Furthermore, for glacierized catchments, 61% and 62% of the runoff originated from rain-derived runoff during low and high runoff extreme years, respectively; 28% and 30% from snowmelt-derived runoff; and 11% and 8% from glacier-ice-melt-derived runoff. As the results could be MERRA dependent, more work with other precipitation forcings and/or in situ measurements is needed to assess whether these are real runoff behaviors or artifacts.

Download Full-text

Effect of the Andes Cordillera on Precipitation from a Midlatitude Cold Front

Monthly Weather Review ◽

10.1175/2009mwr2881.1 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 137 (9) ◽

pp. 3092-3109 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Bradford S. Barrett ◽

RenéD. Garreaud ◽

Mark Falvey

Keyword(s):

Cold Front ◽

Orographic Precipitation ◽

Mountain Range ◽

Frontal Surface ◽

Central Chile ◽

The Andes ◽

Southeast Pacific ◽

Upper Level ◽

High Topography ◽

Andes Cordillera

Abstract The effects of the Andes Cordillera, the major mountain range in South America, on precipitation patterns of baroclinic systems approaching from the southeast Pacific remain largely unstudied. This study focuses on a case in late May 2008 when an upper-level trough and surface cold front produced widespread precipitation in central Chile. The primary goal was to analyze the physical mechanisms responsible for the structure and evolution of the precipitation. Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations indicate that as an upper-level trough approached central Chile, midtropospheric flow below 700 hPa was blocked by the high topography and deflected poleward in the form of a barrier jet. This northerly jet had wind maxima in excess of 15 m s−1, was centered around 925 hPa, and extended westward 200 km from the mountains. It intersected the cold front, which approached from the south near the coast, thereby increasing convergence along the frontal surface, slowing its equatorward progress, and enhancing rainfall over central Chile. Another separate region of heavy precipitation formed over the upwind slopes of the cordillera. A trajectory analysis confirmed that the barrier jet moved low-level parcels from their origin in the moist southeast Pacific boundary layer to the coast. When model topography was reduced to twenty percent of its original height, the cold front advanced more rapidly to the northeast, generated less precipitation in central Chile between 33° and 36°S, and produced minimal orographic precipitation on the upwind Andean slopes. Based on these findings, the high topography appears responsible for not only orographic precipitation but also for substantially increasing precipitation totals over the central coast and valley.

Download Full-text