A review is provided of issues and techniques in design and optimization of profile extrusion dies for thermoplastics and rubber, with particular emphasis on unplasticized polyvinyl chloride and rubber compounds. Traditional profile die design methods are contrasted with computer-based ones, with respect to efficiency and economic benefits. The main types of die construction are outlined. Physical phenomena relevant to the design and performance of dies are summarized, including: rheology and kinematics of the flow, wall slip, extrusion instabilities, residence time and degradation, extrudate swell, draw-down, and thermal effects. Approaches and strategies for die design are explained, including: flow balancing – with guidance from analytic flow results, the Avoid-Cross-Flow strategy, use of flow separators, and designing for extrudate swell. Published computer simulations of die flow used to assist with design are reviewed. Introducing automatic die design, the structure and elements of a computerized design optimization environment are set out. Key components and options within this are described, including: objective functions, constraints, design variables, optimization algorithms, design parameterization and flow domain meshing, and optimization strategies. Published implementations of computerized profile die design optimization are described. Automatic design optimization is compared with the work of a designer assisted by flow simulations in the industrial environment, showing how substantial reductions in demands on the designer's time are possible. The nature and potential of robust design is outlined, with techniques for its implementation. Conclusions are drawn as to the present state of the art in computer-assisted profile die design and optimization, and potential advances.
State of the‐Art for Extrudate Swell of Molten Polymers: From Fundamental Understanding at Molecular Scale toward Optimal Die Design at Final Product Scale
