Modelling Sulphate Deposition Onto Hills By Washout and Turbulence

<p>Large explosive volcanic eruptions inject sulphur into the stratosphere where it is converted to sulphur dioxide and sulphate aerosols. Due to atmospheric circulation patterns, aerosols from high-latitude eruptions typically remain concentrated in the hemisphere in which they are injected. Eruptions in the high-latitude Northern Hemisphere could thus lead to a stronger hemispheric radiative forcing and surface climate response than tropical eruptions, a claim that is supported by a previous study based on proxy records and the coupled aerosol-general circulation model MAECHAM5-HAM. Additionally, the subsequent surface deposition of volcanic sulphate is potentially harmful to humans and ecosystems, and an improved understanding of the deposition over polar ice sheets can contribute to better reconstructions of historical volcanic forcing. On this basis, we model Icelandic explosive eruptions in a pre-industrial atmosphere, taking both volcanic sulphur and halogen loading into account. We use the fully coupled Earth system model CESM2 with the atmospheric component WACCM6, which extends to the lower thermosphere and has prognostic stratospheric aerosols and full chemistry. In order to study the volcanic impacts on the atmosphere, environment, and sulphate deposition, we vary eruption parameters such as sulphur and halogen loading, and injection altitude and season. The modelled volcanic sulphate deposition is compared to the deposition in ice cores following comparable historical eruptions. Furthermore, we evaluate the potential environmental impacts of sulphate deposition. To study inter-model differences, we also compare the CESM2-WACCM6 simulations to similar Icelandic eruption experiments simulated with MAECHAM5-HAM.&#160;</p>

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The Influence of Reductions in Atmospheric Sulphate Deposition on Ion Leaching from Podzolic Soils under Hardwood Forest

Acid Deposition ◽

10.1007/978-3-642-76473-8_12 ◽

1991 ◽

pp. 179-191 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

N. W. Foster ◽

P. W. Hazlett

Keyword(s):

Hardwood Forest ◽

Podzolic Soils ◽

Sulphate Deposition

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Stochastic Modeling of Spatiotemporal Distributions: Application to Sulphate Deposition Trends Over Europe

geoENV II — Geostatistics for Environmental Applications - Quantitative Geology and Geostatistics ◽

10.1007/978-94-015-9297-0_8 ◽

1999 ◽

pp. 89-100 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Phaedon C. Kyriakidis ◽

Andre G. Journel

Keyword(s):

Stochastic Modeling ◽

Spatiotemporal Distributions ◽

Sulphate Deposition

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Five decades of declining methylmercury concentrations in boreal foodwebs suggest pivotal role for sulphate deposition

The Science of The Total Environment ◽

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136774 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 714 ◽

pp. 136774 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hans Fredrik Veiteberg Braaten ◽

Markus Lindholm ◽

Heleen A. de Wit

Keyword(s):

Pivotal Role ◽

Sulphate Deposition

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Response of sulphur dynamics in European catchments to decreasing sulphate deposition

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ◽

10.5194/hess-5-311-2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 311-326 ◽

Cited By ~ 95

Author(s):

A. Prechtel ◽

C. Alewell ◽

M. Armbruster ◽

J. Bittersohl ◽

J. M. Cullen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Future Research ◽

Clear Trend ◽

Sulphur Deposition ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Run Off ◽

Major Interest ◽

Sulphate Deposition ◽

Long Term Trends

Abstract. Following the decline in sulphur deposition in Europe, sulphate dynamics of catchments and the reversibility of anthropogenic acidification of soils and freshwaters became of major interest. Long-term trends in sulphate concentrations and fluxes in precipitation/throughfall and freshwaters of 20 European catchments were analysed to evaluate catchment response to decreasing sulphate deposition. Sulphate deposition in the catchments studied declined by 38-82% during the last decade. Sulphate concentrations in all freshwaters decreased significantly, but acidification reversal was clearly delayed in the German streams. In Scandinavian streams and Czech/Slovakian lakes sulphate concentrations responded quickly to decreased input. Sulphate fluxes in run-off showed no clear trend in Germany and Italy but decreased in Scandinavia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The decrease, however, was less than the decline in input fluxes. While long-term sulphate output fluxes from catchments were generally correlated to input fluxes, most catchments started a net release of sulphate during the early 1990s. Release of stored sulphate leads to a delay of acidification reversal and can be caused by four major processes. Desorption and excess mineralisation were regarded as the most important for the catchments investigated, while oxidation and weathering were of lesser importance for the long-term release of sulphate. Input from weathering has to be considered for the Italian catchments. Sulphate fluxes in German catchments, with deeply weathered soils and high soil storage capacity, responded more slowly to decreased deposition than catchments in Scandinavia and the Czech Republic/Slovakia, which have thin soils and relatively small sulphate storage. For predictions of acidification reversal, soil characteristics, sulphur pools and their dynamics have to be evaluated in future research. Keywords: acidification reversal, sulphur, sulphate release, Europe, catchments, deposition, lake, stream

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Recovery from acidification of lochs in Galloway, south-west Scotland, UK: 1979-1998

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ◽

10.5194/hess-5-421-2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 421-432 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

R. C. Ferrier ◽

R. C. Helliwell ◽

B. J. Cosby ◽

A. Jenkins ◽

R. F. Wright

Keyword(s):

General Pattern ◽

Base Cations ◽

Rapid Decline ◽

Sea Salts ◽

South West ◽

Acid Neutralising Capacity ◽

Sulphate Deposition ◽

Recovery From Acidification ◽

Chloride Concentrations

Abstract. The Galloway region of south-west Scotland has historically been subject to long-term deposition of acidic precipitation which has resulted in acidification of soils and surface waters and subsequent damage to aquatic ecology. Since the end of the 1970s, however, acidic deposition has decreased substantially. The general pattern is for a rapid decline in non-marine sulphate in rainwater over the period 1978-1988 followed by stable concentrations to the mid-1990s. Concentrations of nitrate and ammonium in deposition have remained constant between 1980 and 1998. Seven water quality surveys of 48 lochs in the Galloway region have been conducted between 1979 and 1998. During the first 10 years, from 1979, there was a major decline in regional sulphate concentrations in the lochs, which was expected to have produced a decline in base cations and an increase in the acid neutralising capacity. But sea-salt levels (as indicated by chloride concentrations) were approximately 25% higher in 1988 than in 1979 and thus short-term acidification due to sea-salts offset much of the long-term recovery trend expected in the lochs. During the next 10 years, however, the chloride concentrations returned to 1979 levels and the lochs showed large increases in acid neutralising capacity despite little change in sulphate concentrations. From the observed decline in sulphate deposition and concentrations of sulphate in the lochs, it appears that approximately 75% of the possible improvement in acid neutralising capacity has already occurred over the 20-year period (1979-1998). The role of acid deposition as a driving factor for change in water chemistry in the Galloway lochs is confounded by concurrent changes in other driving variables, most notably, factors related to episodic and year-to-year variations in climate. In addition to inputs of sea-salts, climate probably also influences other chemical signals such as peaks in regional nitrate concentrations and the sharp increase in dissolved organic carbon during the 1990s. Keywords: acidification, recovery, Galloway, sulphur, nitrogen

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Atmospheric ammonium sulphate deposition and its role in the acidification and nitrogen enrichment of poorly buffered aquatic systems

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences ◽

10.1007/bf02118615 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

pp. 351-357 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

J. A. A. R. Schuurkes

Keyword(s):

Ammonium Sulphate ◽

Aquatic Systems ◽

Nitrogen Enrichment ◽

Sulphate Deposition

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Response of the Laflamme Lake watersheds Quebec, to reduced sulphate deposition (1981–1992)

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f95-785 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 52 (9) ◽

pp. 1936-1943 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Suzanne Couture

Keyword(s):

Lake Water ◽

Nitrate Concentration ◽

Monitoring Program ◽

Chemical Recovery ◽

Quebec City ◽

Ecosystem Monitoring ◽

Sulphate Concentration ◽

Gradual Loss ◽

Sulphate Deposition ◽

Potential Improvement

To verify the effectiveness of Canadian and U.S. programs to reduce SO2 emissions, Environment Canada operates an aquatic ecosystem monitoring program that includes the Laflamme Lake integrated watershed north of Quebec City. Wet atmospheric sulphate deposition to the Laflamme Lake watershed declined between 1981 and 1991, particularly during the latter half of this period. The nitrate concentration increased in precipitation between 1981 and 1991. For the lake water, this resulted principally in a slow reduction in alkalinity between June 1981 and May 1992. After 1986, reductions in lake sulphate concentration were offset principally by reductions in Ca and Mg concentrations. An increase in lake water nitrate concentration was observed after 1986. The gradual loss of lake alkalinity demonstrates that the acid inputs to the lake are still too high for chemical recovery to occur. The potential improvement in lake alkalinity related to reduced sulphate concentration may be lost because of an increasing nitrogen-based acidification.

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