Calf muscle architecture and function in ultra runners and low physical activity individuals: A comparative review

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 250-256
Author(s):  
Kim A. Buchholtz ◽  
Michael I. Lambert ◽  
Andrew Bosch ◽  
Theresa L. Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Muscle Architecture ◽  
Calf Muscle ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals The Specification and Function of Enteroendocrine Cells in Drosophila and Mammals: A Comparative Review

FEBS Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingting Guo ◽  
Jiaying Lv ◽  
Rongwen Xi
Keyword(s):  
Enteroendocrine Cells ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals ENERGY EXPENDITURE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AMONG OLDER PARTICIPANTS FROM THE MULTICENTER AIDS COHORT STUDY (MACS)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S549-S549
Author(s):  
Jennifer A Schrack ◽  
Todd T Brown ◽  
Joseph B Margolick
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Hiv Viral Load ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
And Function ◽  
Lower Physical Activity

Abstract Energy utilization becomes more inefficient with age and is linked to low physical activity and functional decline. Persons aging with HIV exhibit accelerated functional decline, but the effect of chronic HIV infection on energy utilization and free-living physical activity remains unclear. We investigated cross-sectional associations between age and: resting metabolic rate, peak walking energy (VO2), and 7-day physical activity by accelerometry in 100 men in the MACS (age: 60.8+/-6.8 years, 35% black, 46.1% HIV+, 94% virally suppressed). In multivariable regression models adjusted for age, BMI, race, chronic conditions, and HIV viral load, HIV+ men had a higher resting metabolic rate (β=103.2 kcals/day, p=0.03) and lower peak walking VO2 (β=-1.8 ml/kg/min, p<0.02) than HIV- men. Moreover, HIV+ men demonstrated lower physical activity, overall and by time of day (p<0.05). These results suggest that energy utilization differs by HIV serostatus, which may contribute to lower physical activity and function with aging.

scholarly journals Physical activity in elderly

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Cvecka ◽  
Veronika Tirpakova ◽  
Milan Sedliak ◽  
Helmut Kern ◽  
Winfried Mayr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Irreversible Process ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Age Related ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Function ◽  
Age Related Changes

Aging is a multifactorial irreversible process associated with significant decline in muscle mass and neuromuscular functions. One of the most efficient methods to counteract age-related changes in muscle mass and function is physical exercise. An alternative effective intervention to improve muscle structure and performance is electrical stimulation. In the present work we present the positive effects of physical activity in elderly and a study where the effects of a 8-week period of functional electrical stimulation and strength training with proprioceptive stimulation in elderly are compared.

scholarly journals The influence of muscle pennation angle and cross-sectional area on contact forces in the ankle joint

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ran S Sopher ◽  
Andrew A Amis ◽  
D Ceri Davies ◽  
Jonathan RT Jeffers
Keyword(s):  
Pennation Angle ◽  
Muscle Architecture ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Contact Forces ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Muscle Forces ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Contact Loads ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Function

Data about a muscle’s fibre pennation angle and physiological cross-sectional area are used in musculoskeletal modelling to estimate muscle forces, which are used to calculate joint contact forces. For the leg, muscle architecture data are derived from studies that measured pennation angle at the muscle surface, but not deep within it. Musculoskeletal models developed to estimate joint contact loads have usually been based on the mean values of pennation angle and physiological cross-sectional area. Therefore, the first aim of this study was to investigate differences between superficial and deep pennation angles within each muscle acting over the ankle and predict how differences may influence muscle forces calculated in musculoskeletal modelling. The second aim was to investigate how inter-subject variability in physiological cross-sectional area and pennation angle affects calculated ankle contact forces. Eight cadaveric legs were dissected to excise the muscles acting over the ankle. The mean surface and deep pennation angles, fibre length and physiological cross-sectional area were measured. Cluster analysis was applied to group the muscles according to their architectural characteristics. A previously validated OpenSim model was used to estimate ankle muscle forces and contact loads using architecture data from all eight limbs. The mean surface pennation angle for soleus was significantly greater (54%) than the mean deep pennation angle. Cluster analysis revealed three groups of muscles with similar architecture and function: deep plantarflexors and peroneals, superficial plantarflexors and dorsiflexors. Peak ankle contact force was predicted to occur before toe-off, with magnitude greater than five times bodyweight. Inter-specimen variability in contact force was smallest at peak force. These findings will help improve the development of experimental and computational musculoskeletal models by providing data to estimate force based on both surface and deep pennation angles. Inter-subject variability in muscle architecture affected ankle muscle and contact loads only slightly. The link between muscle architecture and function contributes to the understanding of the relationship between muscle structure and function.

scholarly journals Aging and Exercise: A Health Perspective

1994 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna L. Bokovoy ◽  
Steven N. Blair
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Women ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
National Surveys ◽  
Fatal Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Habitual Exercise ◽  
And Function ◽  
Older Men And Women

Habitual exercise provides protection against fatal coronary heart disease, extends longevity, and enhances quality of life. National surveys show less physical activity in older men and women compared with middle-aged and younger persons; older women are particularly sedentary. Although there are still few longitudinal studies on exercise and physical activity in older individuals, the data support a positive relationship between physical activity and health and function in older individuals. The data further show that with regular physical activity, health and physical fitness are maintained or even increased over time in older individuals. Studies on physical activity requirements for beneficial health effects in the elderly are reviewed and presented, and exercise recommendations for older individuals are given.

Abstract P307: Associations Between Physical Activity and Cardiac Functional Measures Assessed by Echocardiography: Echocardiographic Study of Latinos (ECHO-SOL)

Circulation ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Ponce ◽  
Bharathi Upadhya ◽  
Robert Kapplan ◽  
Katrina Swett ◽  
Mathew Allison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Sedentary Time ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
P Value ◽  
Color Flow ◽  
Echocardiographic Study ◽  
And Function

Introduction: Physical activity (PA) is associated with cardiovascular health benefits including prevention of age related cardiac remodeling, systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and adaptive pro-hypertrophic effect. In this study we aim to measure the associations between PA and LV structure and function in a diverse Hispanic/Latino population. Methods: Participants included 1,818 self-identified Hispanic/Latino men and women, age 45-74 from the Echocardiographic Study of Latinos (ECHO-SOL). Standard echo measures included M-mode, two-dimensional (2-D), spectral, tissue Doppler and color flow. Participants wore an Actical hip accelerometer for 1 week. Multivariable regression models were completed to relate PA to echocardiographic parameters. Results: The mean ± SE age for the cohort was 56 ±0.4, 57% were female, the prevalence of diabetes was 28%, hypertension 50%, hypercholesterolemia 49%, and coronary heart disease 7%. Average moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) was 20.9 ± 1.1 min/day and sedentary time ±SE was 736.5 ± 8.1 min/day. In multivariable models adjusted for age, gender, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, coronary heart disease, alcohol and cigarette use we found the following: left atrium volume index (LAVI) decrease by quartiles of MVPA (p-value<0.001). Global circumferential strain (GCS) decreased across these quartiles of MVPA. Moreover, LAVI decreased by 0.3 per 100 min/day of sedentary time (p-value<0.01) and GCS also decreased across quartiles of sedentary time. Conclusion: MVPA was significantly associated with lower LAVI. There was also a significant association with sedentary behavior. Our findings illustrate the complex relationship between PA, sedentary time and cardiac structure and function.

Physical Activity and Nerve Structure and Function in Patients With Longstanding Type 1 Diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. S7
Author(s):  
Evan Lewis ◽  
Leif Erik Lovblom ◽  
Sebastien Lanctot ◽  
Daniel Scarr ◽  
Vera Bril ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Nerve Structure ◽  
And Function

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ACROSS THE WHOLE-OF-DAY AND VASCULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. e301
Author(s):  
R. Climie ◽  
P. Boutouyrie ◽  
E. Chaussade ◽  
M. Plichart ◽  
L. Offredo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Vascular Structure ◽  
And Function
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