Extreme Climatic Events and Coral Reefs: How Much Short-Term Threat from Global Change?

2007 ◽  
pp. 315-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Riegl
Keyword(s):  
Global Change ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Extreme Climatic Events

scholarly journals Interventions to help coral reefs under global change—A complex decision challenge

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. e0236399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. N. Anthony ◽  
Kate J. Helmstedt ◽  
Line K. Bay ◽  
Pedro Fidelman ◽  
Karen E. Hussey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Change ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Complex Decision

scholarly journals Variable effects of local management on coral defenses against a thermally regulated bleaching pathogen

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. eaay1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deanna S. Beatty ◽  
Jinu Mathew Valayil ◽  
Cody S. Clements ◽  
Kim B. Ritchie ◽  
Frank J. Stewart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Change ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Coral Bleaching ◽  
Local Management ◽  
Reef Degradation ◽  
Vibrio Coralliilyticus

Bleaching and disease are decimating coral reefs especially when warming promotes bleaching pathogens, such as Vibrio coralliilyticus. We demonstrate that sterilized washes from three common corals suppress V. coralliilyticus but that this defense is compromised when assays are run at higher temperatures. For a coral within the ecologically critical genus Acropora, inhibition was 75 to 154% greater among colonies from coral-dominated marine protected areas versus adjacent fished areas that were macroalgae-dominated. Acropora microbiomes were more variable within fished areas, suggesting that reef degradation may also perturb coral microbial communities. Defenses of a robust poritid coral and a weedy pocilloporid coral were not affected by reef degradation, and microbiomes were unaltered for these species. For some ecologically critical, but bleaching-susceptible, corals such as Acropora, local management to improve reef state may bolster coral resistance to global change, such as bacteria-induced coral bleaching during warming events.

The future of coral reefs in an age of global change

2000 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 426-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan A. Kleypas ◽  
Robert W. Buddemeier ◽  
Jean-Pierre Gattuso
Keyword(s):  
Global Change ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
The Future

scholarly journals Transmitter attachment and release methods for short-term shark and stingray tracking on coral reefs

2013 ◽  
Vol 160 (4) ◽  
pp. 1041-1050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conrad W. Speed ◽  
Owen R. O’Shea ◽  
Mark G. Meekan
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Short Term

Fifty years of Marine and Freshwater Research

1999 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations ◽  
Minimal Damage

Factors causing global degradation of coral reefs are examined briefly as a basis for predicting the likely consequences of increases in these factors. The earlier consensus was that widespread but localized damage from natural factors such as storms, and direct anthropogenic effects such as increased sedimentation, pollution and exploitation, posed the largest immediate threat to coral reefs. Now truly global factors associated with accelerating Global Climate Change are either damaging coral reefs or have the potential to inflict greater damage in the immediate future: e.g. increases in coral bleaching and mortality, and reductions in coral calcification due to changes in sea-water chemistry with increasing carbon dioxide concentrations. Rises in sea level will probably disrupt human communities and their cultures by making coral cays uninhabitable, whereas coral reefs will sustain minimal damage from the rise in sea level. The short-term (decades) prognosis is indeed grim, with major reductions almost certain in the extent and biodiversity of coral reefs, and severe disruptions to cultures and economies dependent on reef resources. The long-term (centuries to millennia) prognosis is more encouraging because coral reefs have remarkable resilience to severe disruption and will probably show this resilience in the future when climate changes either stabilize or reverse.

scholarly journals Long-Term m5C Methylome Dynamics Parallel Phenotypic Adaptation in the Cyanobacterium Trichodesmium

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan G Walworth ◽  
Michael D Lee ◽  
Egor Dolzhenko ◽  
Fei-Xue Fu ◽  
Andrew D Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Change ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Modern Biology ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Biological Responses ◽  
Evolution Experiment ◽  
Ambient Co2

Abstract A major challenge in modern biology is understanding how the effects of short-term biological responses influence long-term evolutionary adaptation, defined as a genetically determined increase in fitness to novel environments. This is particularly important in globally important microbes experiencing rapid global change, due to their influence on food webs, biogeochemical cycles, and climate. Epigenetic modifications like methylation have been demonstrated to influence short-term plastic responses, which ultimately impact long-term adaptive responses to environmental change. However, there remains a paucity of empirical research examining long-term methylation dynamics during environmental adaptation in nonmodel, ecologically important microbes. Here, we show the first empirical evidence in a marine prokaryote for long-term m5C methylome modifications correlated with phenotypic adaptation to CO2, using a 7-year evolution experiment (1,000+ generations) with the biogeochemically important marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium. We identify m5C methylated sites that rapidly changed in response to high (750 µatm) CO2 exposure and were maintained for at least 4.5 years of CO2 selection. After 7 years of CO2 selection, however, m5C methylation levels that initially responded to high-CO2 returned to ancestral, ambient CO2 levels. Concurrently, high-CO2 adapted growth and N2 fixation rates remained significantly higher than those of ambient CO2 adapted cell lines irrespective of CO2 concentration, a trend consistent with genetic assimilation theory. These data demonstrate the maintenance of CO2-responsive m5C methylation for 4.5 years alongside phenotypic adaptation before returning to ancestral methylation levels. These observations in a globally distributed marine prokaryote provide critical evolutionary insights into biogeochemically important traits under global change.

Plant respiration in productivity models: conceptualisation, representation and issues for global terrestrial carbon-cycle research

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger M. Gifford
Keyword(s):  
Global Change ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Carbon Accounting ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
C Cycle ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon Cycle ◽  
Global Change Research ◽  
Plant Respiration

Plant respiratory regulation is too complex for a mechanistic representation in current terrestrial productivity models for carbon accounting and global change research. Accordingly, simpler approaches that attempt to capture the essence of respiration are commonly adopted. Several approaches have been used in the literature: respiration may be embedded implicitly in growth algorithms; assumed values for specific respiration rates may be adopted; respiration may be calculated in terms of growth and maintenance components; conservatism in the ratio of respiration to photosynthesis (R : P) may be assumed; or a more complex process or residual approach may be adopted. Review of this literature suggests that the assumption of conservative R : P ratio is an effective and practicable approach in the context of C-cycle modelling for global change research and documentation, requiring minimal ecosystem-specific data on respiration.Some long-standing controversies in respiration are now becoming resolved. The apparently wasteful process of cyanide-resistant respiration by the alternative oxidase may not be wasteful, as it is thought to be involved in protecting the plant from 'reactive oxygen species'. It is now clear that short-term respiratory response coefficients of plants (e.g. the Q10) do not predict their long-term temperature response. A new experimental approach suggests that leaf respiration is not suppressed by light as previously thought. Careful experiments, taking account of several proposed measurement artefacts, indicate that plant respiration is not suppressed by elevated CO2 concentration in a short-term reversible way.

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