SINGLE-EVENT LANDSLIDES RESULTING FROM MASSIVE ROCK SLOPE FAILURE: CHARACTERISING THEIR FREQUENCY AND IMPACT ON SOCIETY

Author(s):  
S.G. EVANS
2003 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Di Luzio ◽  
G. Bianchi-Fasani ◽  
C. Esposito ◽  
M. Saroli ◽  
G. P. Cavinato ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
S.G. EVANS ◽  
G. SCARASCIA MUGNOZZA ◽  
A.L. STROM ◽  
R.L. HERMANNS ◽  
A. ISCHUK ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Luisa Putignano ◽  
Emiliano Di Luzio ◽  
Luca Schilirò ◽  
Andrea Pietrosante ◽  
Salvatore Ivo Giano

<p>In the last two decades large clastic deposits in Central Apennines with specific morphological and sedimentological features have been interpreted as the result of Quaternary rock avalanche events (e.g., Di Luzio et al., 2004; Bianchi Fasani et al., 2014; Schilirò et al., 2019; Antonielli et al., 2020). The analysis of such deposits, that are located within intermontane basins and narrow valleys bounded by high mountain ridges, have improved the knowledge about this kind of massive rock slope failures, also clarifying their relationship with Deep-seated Gravitational Slope Deformations.</p><p>The present study then describes a multidisciplinary analysis carried out on a huge rock block deposit which crops out within the Pretare-Piedilama Valley, in the piedmont junction area of the Sibillini Mountain range (Central Italy), where Mesozoic basinal carbonates overthrust Miocene foredeep deposits.</p><p>Specifically, we performed sedimentological, stratigraphical and morphometric analyses on the clastic deposit; results support the interpretation of the event as a rock avalanche body. The accumulation area shows a T-like shape with a wide, E-W-oriented, proximal part and a N-S channelization in the central and lower sectors. The evidence suggests erosional events and tectonics as controlling factors on rock flow deposition. In this respect, the area was involved in the 2016 central Italy seismic sequence and was tectonically active during Quaternary times<strong> </strong>(Tortorici et al., 2009).</p><p>As regards on the deposit genesis, considering the geometric characteristics of a sub-rectangular detachment area located on the southern edge of the Sibillini Range, an original mechanism of rockslide failure involving about 8·10<sup>6</sup>m<sup>3</sup> of Early Jurassic limestone was inferred. Here, the post-failure geomorphic features behind the main scarp are considered for the evaluation of hazard conditions.</p><p>Finally, well-log analysis of the clastic sequence filling the Pretare-Piedilama Valley evidenced additional Quaternary landslide events occurred before the rock avalanche, thus testifying to a long history of large slope instabilities in the area controlling the landscape development.</p><p> </p><p><strong>REFERENCES</strong></p><p> </p><ul><li>Antonielli B., Della Seta M., Esposito C., Scarascia-Mugnozza G., Schilirò L., Spadi M., Tallini M. (2020). Quaternary rock avalanches in the Apennines: New data and interpretation of the huge clastic deposit of the L'Aquila Basin (central Italy). Geomorphology, 361, 107-194. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107194.</li> <li>Bianchi Fasani G., Di Luzio E., Esposito C., Evans S.G., Scarascia-Mugnozza G. (2014). Quaternary, catastrophic rock avalanches in the Central Apennines (Italy): relationships with inherited tectonic features, gravity-driven deformations and the geodynamic frame. Geomorphology, 21, 22–42. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.12.027.</li> <li>Di Luzio E., Bianchi-Fasani G., Saroli M., Esposito C., Cavinato G.P., Scarascia-Mugnozza G. (2004). Massive rock slope failure in the central Apennines (Italy): the case of the Campo di Giove rock avalanche. Bullettin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 63, 1-12. doi:10.1007/s10064-003-0212-7.</li> <li>Schilirò L., Esposito C., De Blasio F.V., Scarascia-Mugnozza G. (2019). <strong>Sediment texture in rock avalanche deposits: insights from field and experimental observations. </strong>Landslides, 16, 1629-1643. doi: 10.1007/s10346-019-01210-x.</li> <li>Tortorici G., Romagnoli G., Grassi S. et al. (2019). Quaternary negative tectonic inversion along the Sibillini Mts. thrust zone: the Arquata del Tronto case history (Central Italy). Environ Earth Sci 78:<strong> </strong>37. doi:10.1007/s12665-018-8021-2.</li> </ul>


2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3333-3353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Mamot ◽  
Samuel Weber ◽  
Tanja Schröder ◽  
Michael Krautblatter

Abstract. Instability and failure of high mountain rock slopes have significantly increased since the 1990s coincident with climatic warming and are expected to rise further. Most of the observed failures in permafrost-affected rock walls are likely triggered by the mechanical destabilisation of warming bedrock permafrost including ice-filled joints. The failure of ice-filled rock joints has only been observed in a small number of experiments, often using concrete as a rock analogue. Here, we present a systematic study of the brittle shear failure of ice and rock–ice interfaces, simulating the accelerating phase of rock slope failure. For this, we performed 141 shearing experiments with rock–ice–rock “sandwich”' samples at constant strain rates (10−3 s−1) provoking ice fracturing, under normal stress conditions ranging from 100 to 800 kPa, representing 4–30 m of rock overburden, and at temperatures from −10 to −0.5 ∘C, typical for recent observed rock slope failures in alpine permafrost. To create close to natural but reproducible conditions, limestone sample surfaces were ground to international rock mechanical standard roughness. Acoustic emission (AE) was successfully applied to describe the fracturing behaviour, anticipating rock–ice failure as all failures are predated by an AE hit increase with peaks immediately prior to failure. We demonstrate that both the warming and unloading (i.e. reduced overburden) of ice-filled rock joints lead to a significant drop in shear resistance. With a temperature increase from −10 to −0.5 ∘C, the shear stress at failure reduces by 64 %–78 % for normal stresses of 100–400 kPa. At a given temperature, the shear resistance of rock–ice interfaces decreases with decreasing normal stress. This can lead to a self-enforced rock slope failure propagation: as soon as a first slab has detached, further slabs become unstable through progressive thermal propagation and possibly even faster by unloading. Here, we introduce a new Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion for ice-filled rock joints that is valid for joint surfaces, which we assume similar for all rock types, and which applies to temperatures from −8 to −0.5 ∘C and normal stresses from 100 to 400 kPa. It contains temperature-dependent friction and cohesion, which decrease by 12 % ∘C−1 and 10 % ∘C−1 respectively due to warming and it applies to temperature and stress conditions of more than 90 % of the recently documented accelerating failure phases in permafrost rock walls.


2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 340-350
Author(s):  
Ngoc Binh Vu ◽  
Truong Thanh Phi ◽  
Thanh Cong Nguyen ◽  
Hong Thinh Phi ◽  
Quy Nhan Pham ◽  
...  

The research aimed to study 24 rock slope surfaces along the road around Hon Lon Island, Kien Hai district, Kien Giang province, Vietnam. The analytical results have determined slope failure, wedge failure, and toppling, which occurred on almost slope surface and the average percentage of plane failure is the largest. The average percent of plane failure is 19.23%, the wedge failure is 15.35%, and the toppling fault is 6.73%. Besides, the analytical results have also identified the slope surfaces which can be the key blocks: ND-13, 18, 23, 25, 34, 37, 45, 51, 62, 63. The other analytical results show that the existence of key blocks at the rock slope surfaces in the N-S direction, dip to E at the survey locations: ND-13, 23, 63 and dip to W at the survey locations: ND-37, 45; in the NE-SW direction, dip to SE at the survey locations: ND-15, 62 and dip to NW at the survey locations: ND-18, 34; in the NW-SE direction, dip to SW at the survey location ND-51. These results have important significance to support for protecting slope surface safety.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Marr ◽  
Stefan Winkler ◽  
Svein Olaf Dahl ◽  
Jörg Löffler

<p>Periglacial, paraglacial and related boulder-dominated landforms constitute a valuable, but often unexplored source of palaeoclimatic and morphodynamic information. The timing of landform formation and stabilization can be linked to past cold climatic conditions which offers the possibility to reconstruct cold climatic periods. In this study, Schmidt-hammer exposure-age dating (SHD) was applied to a variety of boulder-dominated landforms (sorted stripes, blockfield, paraglacial alluvial fan, rock-slope failure) in Rondane, eastern South Norway for the first time. On the basis of an old and young control point a local calibration curve was established from which surface exposure ages of each landform were calculated. The investigation of formation, stabilization and age of the respective landforms permitted an assessment of Holocene climate variability in Rondane and its connectivity to landform evolution. The obtained SHD age estimates range from 11.15 ± 1.22 to 3.99 ± 1.52 ka which shows their general inactive and relict character. Most surface exposure ages of the sorted stripes cluster between 9.62 ± 1.36 and 9.01 ± 1.21 ka and appear to have stabilized towards the end of the ‘Erdalen Event’ or in the following warm period prior to ‘Finse Event’. The blockfield age with 8.40 ± 1.16 ka indicates landform stabilization during ‘Finse Event’, around the onset of the Holocene Thermal Maximum (~8.0–5.0 ka). The paraglacial alluvial fan with its four subsites shows age ranges from 8.51 ± 1.63 to 3.99 ± 1.52 ka. The old exposure age points to fan aggradation follow regional deglaciation due to paraglacial processes, whereas the younger ages can be explained by increasing precipitation during the onset neoglaciation at ~4.0 ka. Surface exposure age of the rock-slope failure with 7.39 ± 0.74 ka falls into a transitional climate period towards the Holocene Thermal Maximum (~8.0–5.0 ka). This indicates that climate-driven factors such as decreasing permafrost depth and/or increasing hydrological pressure negatively influence slope stability. Our obtained first surface exposure ages from boulder-dominated landforms in Rondane give important insights to better understand the palaeoclimatic variability in the Holocene.</p>


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