Factors Affecting the Development of Metabolic Compartmentation in the Brain

1975 ◽  
pp. 363-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambrish J. Patel ◽  
Robert Balázs
Keyword(s):  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Metabolic Compartmentation ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Motor cost affects the decision of when to shift gaze for guiding movement

2019 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 378-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Javier Domínguez-Zamora ◽  
Daniel S. Marigold
Keyword(s):  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Lateral Direction ◽  
Foot Placement ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Direct Gaze ◽  
Trial Basis ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Brain

Frequent gait modifications are often required to navigate our world. These can involve long or wide steps or changes in direction. People generally prefer to minimize the motor cost (or effort) of a movement, although with changes in gait this is not always possible. The decision of when and where to shift gaze is critical for controlling motor actions, since vision informs the brain about the available choices for movement—in this case, where to step. Here we asked how motor cost influences the allocation of gaze. To address this, we had participants walk and step to the center of sequential targets on the ground. We manipulated the motor cost associated with controlling foot placement by varying the location of one target in the lateral direction on a trial-to-trial basis within environments with different numbers of targets. Costlier steps caused a switch from a gaze strategy of planning future steps to one favoring visual feedback of the current foot placement when participants had to negotiate another target immediately after. Specifically, costlier steps delayed gaze shifts away from the manipulated target. We show that this relates to the cost of moving the leg and redirecting the body’s center of mass from target to target. Overall, our results suggest that temporal gaze decisions are affected by motor costs associated with step-to-step demands of the environment. Moreover, they provide insight into what affects the coordination between the eyes and feet for the control of stable and accurate foot placement while walking. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Changes in gait allow us to navigate our world. For instance, one may step long or wide to avoid a spilled drink. The brain can direct gaze to gather relevant information for making these types of motor decisions; however, the factors affecting gaze allocation in natural behaviors are poorly understood. We show how the motor cost associated with a step influences the decision of when to redirect gaze to ensure accurate foot placement while walking.

Physical activity as a protective factor for successful aging

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (87) ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
Andrzej Jopkiewicz ◽  
Monika Królicka–Czerniak ◽  
Anita Zaręba
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Successful Aging ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Brain

To divide the types of aging (successful, usual and impaired), as well as factors affecting this process, the protective role of physical activity was discussed in the literature. It was emphasized that physical activity is also a very important protective factor for cognitive aging - mainly executive function and memory. The prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, i.e. the regions of the brain responsible for the control and course of cognitive processes, show susceptibility to stimulation, which is movement exercises, which are prevention of degenerative changes within the brain.

scholarly journals Novel Insight Into the Development and Function of Hypopharyngeal Glands in Honey Bees

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saboor Ahmad ◽  
Shahmshad Ahmed Khan ◽  
Khalid Ali Khan ◽  
Jianke Li
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bees ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Hypopharyngeal Glands ◽  
And Function ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Made In

Hypopharyngeal glands (HGs) are the most important organ of hymenopterans which play critical roles for the insect physiology. In honey bees, HGs are paired structures located bilaterally in the head, in front of the brain between compound eyes. Each gland is composed of thousands of secretory units connecting to secretory duct in worker bees. To better understand the recent progress made in understanding the structure and function of these glands, we here review the ontogeny of HGs, and the factors affecting the morphology, physiology, and molecular basis of the functionality of the glands. We also review the morphogenesis of HGs in the pupal and adult stages, and the secretory role of the glands across the ages for the first time. Furthermore, recent transcriptome, proteome, and phosphoproteome analyses have elucidated the potential mechanisms driving the HGs development and functionality. This adds a comprehensive novel knowledge of the development and physiology of HGs in honey bees over time, which may be helpful for future research investigations.

Factors affecting the migration of qualified specialists in the framework of the export of education

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-35
Author(s):  
Vitaliy Leonidovich Saginov ◽  
Nadezhda Yurievna Runova
Keyword(s):  
International Student ◽  
Student Mobility ◽  
Brain Circulation ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
International Student Mobility ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Modern Economy ◽  
Study Programs ◽  
Mobility Programs ◽  
The Brain

The mobility of qualified specialists is a trend in the modern economy. In addition to the brain drain, the concept of brain circulation has emerged, the source and constituent of which is the export of education and the international student mobility programs. Based on the systematization and analysis of scientific publications in international scientometric systems, the article highlights the factors influencing the decision of students participating in study programs abroad to stay in the host country or return home after the studies.

FACTORS AFFECTING UPTAKE OF 13N-AMMONIA BY THE BRAIN

1978 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan H. Lockwood ◽  
Ronald D. Finn ◽  
James A. Campbell ◽  
Tobi B. Richman
Keyword(s):  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Brain
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