Evolution of a Short-Term Study of Lodgepole Pine Dwarf Mistletoe Vectors that Turned Into a Long-Term Study of the Remarkable Gray Jay on the Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado 1982–2009

Colony-stimulating factors are a category of glycoproteins that are instrumental in the regulation of hematopoiesis and inflammation. This investigation documented the clinical bone marrow and peripheral blood responses to short-term and long-term administration of a recombinant bovine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rb-GCSF) and an analog, where the cysteine at position 17 was substituted with a serine (rb-GCSF ser17). The colony-stimulating factors produced the expected changes in the hematologic findings of the bovine subjects in the study, and there was a cell-specific response to the compounds. The sustained neutrophilia in the long-term study indicates that the bovine species can tolerate the administration of recombinant forms of bovine GCSF for extended periods of time without detectable adverse side effects. The neutrophils from the short-term study revealed no apparent fluctuation, either as enhanced or reduced capability to reduce nitro blue tetrazolium as compared to pretreatment neutrophils. The administration of both recombinant forms of GCSF produced large increases in the bone marrow myeloid: erythroid (M:E) ratio concomitantly with the neutrophilias. This is the first preliminary report documenting the bone marrow response of cattle to the native and recombinant (rb-GCSF ser17) forms of bovine GCSF.

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The Effect of a Short-Term Study Abroad Class on Students' Cross-Cultural Awareness

Journal of Baccalaureate Social Work ◽

10.18084/1084-7219.13.1.39 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 39-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Susan C. Mapp ◽

Peggy McFarland ◽

Elizabeth A. Newell

Keyword(s):

Study Abroad ◽

Cultural Awareness ◽

Cross Cultural ◽

Assessment Tools ◽

Qualitative Assessment ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Study ◽

Long Term Study ◽

Short Term Study

The purpose of this study was to discover if short-term study abroad trips produce the same changes in students that have been documented in long-term study abroad trips. The study was conducted with current and past participants of a short-term study abroad trip to Ireland from a small liberal arts school. Quantitative and qualitative assessment tools were used to address the question. Results found that change was supported by the qualitative, but not the quantitative, assessment. Students reported the trip increased their cross-cultural awareness and their interest in a long-term study abroad experience. As these results support the hypothesis that short-term study abroad experiences have a positive effect on students' growth, it is important that programs develop and facilitate such opportunities for their students. Not only will this improve the global awareness and cultural competence of participants, but it will increase participation in long-term study abroad programs.

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Study on the Removal of Algae with Hexadecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) Modified Rectorite

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.1013 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 557-559 ◽

pp. 1013-1017

Author(s):

Jin Yi Chen ◽

Jing Li ◽

Nian Li ◽

Xing Yuan Yu ◽

Qin Feng Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Algal Blooms ◽

Layer Structure ◽

Basal Spacing ◽

Ammonium Bromide ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Study ◽

Hexadecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide ◽

Long Term Study ◽

Short Term Study

Natural Ca-rectorite (Ca-REC) is modified with hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) to get CTAB-rectorite (CT-REC). XRD and SEM analytical method were used to study the change of rectorite in external morphology and internal structure. The results showed that the layer structure of CT-REC was looser and the basal spacing was obviously bigger than Ca-REC. The ability of RECs in removing microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) was investigated through long-term and short-term study. The results of short-term study showed that compared with Ca-REC removing 10% of the algae at the concentration of 0.1g/L in 10h, CT-REC removed more than 98% of the algae under the same condition. The results of long-term study showed that Ca-REC had acute effect on algae but couldn’t terminate cell growth while CT-REC could put an end to the regrowth of algae and control the Harmful algal blooms effectively.

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Navy and black bean-based dog foods are digestible during weight loss in overweight and obese adult companion dogs

Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition ◽

10.1017/jan.2015.12 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Genevieve M. Forster ◽

Nora Jean Nealon ◽

Dale Hill ◽

Tracey D. Jensen ◽

Teva L. Stone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Healthy Weight ◽

Obese Adult ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Study ◽

Companion Dogs ◽

Long Term Study ◽

Short Term Study ◽

Apparent Weight

SummaryCommon beans (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) are a nutrient-dense, low glycemic index food that supports healthy weight management in people and was examined for dogs. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and nutrient utilisation of navy (NB) and black (BB) bean-based diets in overweight or obese companion dogs undergoing a weight loss intervention. A nutritionally complete, dry extruded dog food was used as the control (CON) diet and two isocaloric, nutrient matched bean diets, containing either 25% w/w cooked BB or NB powder formed the test diets. Diets were fed to adult, overweight companion dogs for either four weeks (short-term study, n = 30) or for twenty-six weeks (long-term study, n = 15) at 60% of maintenance calories for ideal weight. Apparent weight loss increased over time in both the short- and long-term studies (p < 0.001) but was not different between the three study groups: apparent weight loss was between 4.05% – 6.14% for the short-term study and 14.0% – 17.9% in the long-term study. The ATTD was within expected ranges for all groups, whereby total dry matter and crude protein ATTD was 7–8% higher in the BB diet compared to CON (P < 0.05), crude fat ATTD was similar across all diets, and nitrogen free extract ATTD was 5–6% higher in both BB and NB compared to CON (P < 0.05). Metabolisable energy was similar for all diets, and ranged from 3,434–3,632 kcal/kg. At the end of each study period, dogs had haemoglobin levels ≥12 g/dl, packed cell volume ≥36%, albumin ≥2.4 g/dl, ALP ≤ 300 IU/l and all median values for each group were within defined limits for nutritional adequacy. This investigation demonstrated that BB and NB diets were safe, digestible, and supported weight loss in calorically restricted, overweight or obese, adult companion dogs.

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Effective or Self-Selective: Random Assignment Demonstrates Short-Term Study Abroad Effectively Encourages Further Study Abroad

Journal of Studies in International Education ◽

10.1177/1028315318803713 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 411-428

Author(s):

Maki Kato ◽

Ken Suzuki

Keyword(s):

Study Abroad ◽

Participation Rate ◽

Short Term ◽

Study Abroad Programs ◽

Term Study ◽

Long Term Study ◽

Short Term Study ◽

Study Results ◽

Study Abroad Program

Much attention has been paid to the effects of study abroad, especially because of recent increases in participation in such programs. One problem, however, is the selection bias of participants inherent in study abroad programs. The present study examines whether participation in a short-term study abroad program leads to participation in further long-term study abroad programs. Data were obtained from 705 applicants in the 2013-2015 academic year at a Japanese university, 300 of whom were assigned randomly to participate in a short-term study abroad program. The study results showed a significantly higher participation rate among previous participants than among nonparticipants. The results of a questionnaire completed by the former participants of the short-term program showed that they were more likely to translate plans for participating in the long-term study abroad program into action based on their prior overseas experiences.

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Follow-up definitions in clinical orthopaedic research

Bone & Joint Open ◽

10.1302/2633-1462.25.bjo-2021-0007.r1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (5) ◽

pp. 344-350

Author(s):

Sufian S. Ahmad ◽

Lorenz Hoos ◽

Carsten Perka ◽

Ulrich Stöckle ◽

Karl F. Braun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Impact ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Study ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

Long Term Study ◽

Short Term Study ◽

Level I

Aims The follow-up interval of a study represents an important aspect that is frequently mentioned in the title of the manuscript. Authors arbitrarily define whether the follow-up of their study is short-, mid-, or long-term. There is no clear consensus in that regard and definitions show a large range of variation. It was therefore the aim of this study to systematically identify clinical research published in high-impact orthopaedic journals in the last five years and extract follow-up information to deduce corresponding evidence-based definitions of short-, mid-, and long-term follow-up. Methods A systematic literature search was performed to identify papers published in the six highest ranked orthopaedic journals during the years 2015 to 2019. Follow-up intervals were analyzed. Each article was assigned to a corresponding subspecialty field: sports traumatology, knee arthroplasty and reconstruction, hip-preserving surgery, hip arthroplasty, shoulder and elbow arthroplasty, hand and wrist, foot and ankle, paediatric orthopaedics, orthopaedic trauma, spine, and tumour. Mean follow-up data were tabulated for the corresponding subspecialty fields. Comparison between means was conducted using analysis of variance. Results Of 16,161 published articles, 590 met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 321 were of level IV evidence, 176 level III, 53 level II, and 40 level I. Considering all included articles, a long-term study published in the included high impact journals had a mean follow-up of 151.6 months, a mid-term study of 63.5 months, and a short-term study of 30.0 months. Conclusion The results of this study provide evidence-based definitions for orthopaedic follow-up intervals that should provide a citable standard for the planning of clinical studies. A minimum mean follow-up of a short-term study should be 30 months (2.5 years), while a mid-term study should aim for a mean follow-up of 60 months (five years), and a long-term study should aim for a mean of 150 months (12.5 years). Level of Evidence: Level I. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(5):344–350.

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Post-Dilution on Line Haemodiafiltration with Citrate Dialysate: First Clinical Experience in Chronic Dialysis Patients

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2013/703612 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Vincenzo Panichi ◽

Enrico Fiaccadori ◽

Alberto Rosati ◽

Roberto Fanelli ◽

Giada Bernabini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Volume ◽

Chronic Haemodialysis ◽

Dialysis Patients ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Study ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Long Term Study ◽

Short Term Study ◽

On Line

Background. Citrate has anticoagulative properties and favorable effects on inflammation, but it has the potential hazards of inducing hypocalcemia. Bicarbonate dialysate (BHD) replacing citrate for acetate is now used in chronic haemodialysis but has never been tested in postdilution online haemodiafiltration (OL-HDF).Methods. Thirteen chronic stable dialysis patients were enrolled in a pilot, short-term study. Patients underwent one week (3 dialysis sessions) of BHD with 0.8 mmol/L citrate dialysate, followed by one week of postdilution high volume OL-HDF with standard bicarbonate dialysate, and one week of high volume OL-HDF with 0.8 mmol/L citrate dialysate.Results. In citrate OL-HDF pretreatment plasma levels of C-reactive protein andβ2-microglobulin were significantly reduced; intra-treatment plasma acetate levels increased in the former technique and decreased in the latter. During both citrate techniques (OL-HDF and HD) ionized calcium levels remained stable within the normal range.Conclusions.Should our promising results be confirmed in a long-term study on a wider population, then OL-HDF with citrate dialysate may represent a further step in improving dialysis biocompatibility.

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Traffic Flow Measurements in the Dover Strait

Journal of Navigation ◽

10.1017/s0373463300048311 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 325-340 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. H. Beattie

Keyword(s):

Traffic Flow ◽

National Physical Laboratory ◽

Limited Data ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Study ◽

Flow Measurements ◽

Marine Traffic ◽

Short Term Study ◽

Physical Laboratory

At the end of February 1971 an exploratory survey of marine traffic on the English side of the Dover Strait was organized and conducted by the National Physical Laboratory of the Department of Trade and Industry. The aim of this first short-term study was to examine possible methods for the long term, and the basic radar ship count was carried out by Decca Radar on behalf of the N.P.L. This trial took place over 72 hours between 12.00 hours on Friday, 26 February and 12.00 hours on Monday, 1 March 1971, all times G.M.T.; it showed that further flow data in other areas of the Strait would be of value and Decca Radar decided to gather additional limited data on traffic flow. The most urgent appeared to be at the narrowest part of the Strait between Cap Gris Nez and Folkestone where the Greek M.V. Niki sank off the Varne during the trial at 20.00 G.M.T. on Saturday, 27 February.

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14 Long-term Efficacy of Brexpiprazole in Patients with Schizophrenia with Clinically Relevant Levels of Negative Symptoms

CNS Spectrums ◽

10.1017/s1092852919000099 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 180-180

Author(s):

Catherine Weiss ◽

Peter Zhang ◽

Ross A Baker ◽

Mary Hobart ◽

Nanco Hefting ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Negative Symptoms ◽

Extension Study ◽

Short Term ◽

Open Label ◽

Term Study ◽

Post Hoc Analysis ◽

Long Term Study ◽

Open Label Extension ◽

Post Hoc

AbstractBackgroundEffective treatments for patients with high levels of negative symptoms of schizophrenia are lacking. Brexpiprazole is a serotonin–dopamine activity modulator that is a partial agonist at 5-HT1A and dopamine D2 receptors, and an antagonist at 5-HT2A and noradrenaline alpha1B/2C receptors, all with subnanomolar potency. Long-term treatment with brexpiprazole demonstrated broad efficacy across all five Marder factor groupings, including positive, negative, disorganized thoughts, uncontrolled hostility/excitement, and anxiety/depression. This post-hoc analysis of long-term effects of brexpiprazole in patients with clinically relevant levels of negative symptoms of schizophrenia is based on data from two similarly designed short-term, placebo-controlled studies (Vector; NCT01396421 or Beacon; NCT01393613) for the brexpiprazole-treated patients who continued into an open-label extension study (Zenith; NCT01397786).MethodsIn the short-term studies, patients with acute schizophrenia were randomly assigned to fixed once-daily doses of brexpiprazole 0.25mg (Vector), 1mg (Beacon), 2mg , 4mg or placebo for 6weeks. The long-term study was an open-label, 52-week (amended to 26weeks), safety extension study with flexible-dose (1–4mg/day) brexpiprazole. The post-hoc analyses were performed on brexpiprazole-treated patients from the short-term studies who continued into the long-term study, and who had clinically relevant negative symptoms, defined as PANSS Factor Score for Negative Symptoms (PANSS-FSNS; N1, N2, N3, N4, G7, G16) of ≥24, and score of ≥4 on at least two of three core negative symptom PANSS items at randomization in the parent study. The outcome of the analysis included change from baseline to up to 58weeks in PANSS-FSNS, PANSS Total, and PSP. Safety was also assessed.ResultsA total of 187 patients with clinically relevant levels of negative symptoms in the parent study rolled-over into the open-label extension study and were available for analysis. Eighty-three of these patients remained in the studies for 58weeks. Due to the study amendment, not all patients had the opportunity of complete 52weeks of open-label treatment. Baseline PANSS Total score was 104.4, while baseline PANSS-FSNS was 27.6 and baseline PSP Total score was 41.3. Mean change (SD) from baseline in PANSS-FSNS was –10.9 (5.0), and –44.2 (17.5) for PANSS Total score at Week 58. Change from baseline (SD) to Week 58 for PSP Total score was 24.8 (12.9) with improvement in all domains (socially useful activities, personal and social relationship, self-care, and disturbing and aggressive behaviors). The TEAEs reported ≥5% were schizophrenia (18.9%), insomnia (8.6%), weight increased (5.9%) and akathisia (5.9%).ConclusionThis post-hoc analysis suggests that brexpiprazole has long-term effectiveness on negative symptoms and functioning in patients with schizophrenia and clinically relevant levels of negative symptoms.Funding Acknowledgements: The study was funded by Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization Inc. and H. Lundbeck A/S

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Did the introduction and increased prescribing of antidepressants lead to changes in long-term trends of suicide rates?

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa204 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Simone Amendola ◽

Martin Plöderl ◽

Michael P Hengartner

Keyword(s):

General Pattern ◽

Extended Period ◽

Joinpoint Regression ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Study ◽

Suicide Rates ◽

Long Term Study ◽

Prescription Rates ◽

Long Term Trends

Abstract Background Ecological studies have explored associations between suicide rates and antidepressant prescriptions in the population, but most of them are limited as they analyzed short-term correlations that may be spurious. The aim of this long-term study was to examine whether trends in suicide rates changed in three European countries when the first antidepressants were introduced in 1960 and when prescription rates increased steeply after 1990 with the introduction of the serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Methods Data were extracted from the WHO Mortality Database. Suicide rates were calculated for people aged 10–89 years from 1951–2015 for Italy, 1955–2016 for Austria and 1951–2013 for Switzerland. Trends in suicide rates stratified by gender were analyzed using joinpoint regression models. Results There was a general pattern of long-term trends that was broadly consistent across all three countries. Suicide rates were stable or decreasing during the 1950s and 1960s, they rose during the 1970s, peaked in the early 1980s and thereafter they declined. There were a few notable exceptions to these general trends. In Italian men, suicide rates increased until 1997, then fell sharply until 2006 and increased again from 2006 to 2015. In women from all three countries, there was an extended period during the 2000s when suicide rates were stable. No trend changes occurred around 1960 or 1990. Conclusions The introduction of antidepressants around 1960 and the sharp increase in prescriptions after 1990 with the introduction of the SSRIs did not coincide with trend changes in suicide rates in Italy, Austria or Switzerland.

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