Inhibition of Bacterial Translocation from the Gastrointestinal Tract to the Mesenteric Lymph Nodes in Specific Pathogen-Free Mice but not Gnotobiotic Mice by Non-Specific Macrophage Activation

Escherichia coli C25 maintained population levels of 10 9 to 10 10 per g of cecum and translocated to 100% of the middle mesenteric lymph nodes in gnotobiotic mice monoassociated with E. coli C25. Intragastric inoculation of these mice with the cecal contents from specific-pathogen-free mice reduced the population levels of E. coli C25 to 10 6 per g of cecum and completely inhibited translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes. Intragastric inoculation with heat-treated, Formalintreated, or filtered cecal contents did not reduce the population levels of E. coli C25 or reduce the incidence of translocation of E. coli C25 to the mesenteric lymph nodes. Thus, viable bacteria apparently are required in the cecal contents inocula to reduce the population levels and the incidence of translocation of E. coli C25. Treatment with streptomycin plus bacitracin decreased the anaerobic bacterial levels in these gnotobiotic mice, allowing increased population levels of E. coli C25 and increased translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes. E. coli C25 also translocated to the mesenteric lymph nodes of specific-pathogen-free mice treated with streptomycin and bacitracin before colonization with E. coli C25. The high cecal population levels of E. coli C25 in these antibiotic-decontaminated specific-pathogen-free mice apparently overwhelm any barrier to translocation exerted by the immunologically developed lamina propria of the specific-pathogen-free mice. Inoculation of gnotobiotic mice with a cecal flora also reduced the population levels of an indigenous strain of E. coli with a concomitant inhibition of translocation of the indigenous E. coli to the mesenteric lymph nodes. Thus, bacterial antagonism of the gastrointestinal population levels of certain indigenous bacteria, such as E. coli , by other members of the normal bacterial flora appears to be an important defense mechanism confining bacteria to the gastrointestinal tract.

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Bacterial Translocation to Mesenteric Lymph Nodes Increases in Chronic Portal Hypertensive Rats

Digestive Diseases and Sciences ◽

10.1007/s10620-009-1001-3 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 55 (8) ◽

pp. 2244-2254 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Miguel-Ángel Llamas ◽

María-Ángeles Aller ◽

Domingo Marquina ◽

María-Paz Nava ◽

Jaime Arias

Keyword(s):

Lymph Nodes ◽

Bacterial Translocation ◽

Hypertensive Rats ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Mesenteric Lymph

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Microbiology of bacterial translocation in humans

Gut ◽

10.1136/gut.42.1.29 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 29-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 232

Author(s):

C J O’Boyle ◽

J MacFie ◽

C J Mitchell ◽

D Johnstone ◽

P M Sagar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lymph Nodes ◽

Bacterial Translocation ◽

Intestinal Flora ◽

Enteric Bacteria ◽

Surgical Patients ◽

Postoperative Sepsis ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Septic Complications ◽

Mesenteric Lymph ◽

Postoperative Septic Complications

Background—Gut translocation of bacteria has been shown in both animal and human studies. Evidence from animal studies that links bacterial translocation to the development of postoperative sepsis and multiple organ failure has yet to be confirmed in humans.Aims—To examine the spectrum of bacteria involved in translocation in surgical patients undergoing laparotomy and to determine the relation between nodal migration of bacteria and the development of postoperative septic complications.Methods—Mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), serosal scrapings, and peripheral blood from 448 surgical patients undergoing laparotomy were analysed using standard microbiological techniques.Results—Bacterial translocation was identified in 69 patients (15.4%). The most common organism identified wasEscherichia coli (54%). Both enteric bacteria, typical of indigenous intestinal flora, and non-enteric bacteria were isolated. Postoperative septic complications developed in 104 patients (23%). Enteric organisms were responsible in 74% of patients. Forty one per cent of patients who had evidence of bacterial translocation developed sepsis compared with 14% in whom no organisms were cultured (p<0.001). Septic morbidity was more frequent when a greater diversity of bacteria resided within the MLN, but this was not statistically significant.Conclusion—Bacterial translocation is associated with a significant increase in the development of postoperative sepsis in surgical patients. The organisms responsible for septic morbidity are similar in spectrum to those observed in the mesenteric lymph nodes. These data strongly support the gut origin hypothesis of sepsis in humans.

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Identification of Attenuated Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Strains and Characterization of an Orogastric Infection in BALB/c Mice on Day 5 Postinfection by Signature-Tagged Mutagenesis

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.67.5.2779-2787.2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 69 (5) ◽

pp. 2779-2787 ◽

Cited By ~ 90

Author(s):

Joan Mecsas ◽

Inna Bilis ◽

Stanley Falkow

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis ◽

Proximal Colon ◽

Host Cells ◽

Wild Type ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Host Animal ◽

Gene Encoding ◽

Mesenteric Lymph

ABSTRACT Yersinia pseudotuberculosis localizes to the distal ileum, cecum, and proximal colon of the gastrointestinal tract after oral infection. Using signature-tagged mutagenesis, we isolated 13Y. pseudotuberculosis mutants that failed to survive in the cecum of mice after orogastric inoculation. Twelve of these mutants were also attenuated for replication in the spleen after intraperitoneal infection, whereas one strain, mutated the gene encoding invasin, replicated as well as wild-type bacteria in the spleen. Several mutations were in operons encoding components of the type III secretion system, including components involved in translocating Yop proteins into host cells. This indicates that one or more Yops may be necessary for survival in the gastrointestinal tract. Three mutants were defective in O-antigen biosynthesis; these mutants were also unable to invade epithelial cells as efficiently as wild-typeY. pseudotuberculosis. Several other mutations were in genes that had not previously been associated with growth in a host, including cls, ksgA, and sufl. In addition, using Y. pseudotuberculosis strains marked with signature tags, we counted the number of different bacterial clones that were present in the cecum, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen 5 days postinfection. We find barriers in the host animal that limit the number of bacteria that succeed in reaching and/or replicating in the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen after breaching the gut mucosa.

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Gut origin of sepsis: a prospective study investigating associations between bacterial translocation, gastric microflora, and septic morbidity

Gut ◽

10.1136/gut.45.2.223 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 223-228 ◽

Cited By ~ 262

Author(s):

J MacFie ◽

C O’Boyle ◽

C J Mitchell ◽

P M Buckley ◽

D Johnstone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lymph Node ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Bacterial Translocation ◽

Postoperative Sepsis ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Septic Complications ◽

E Coli ◽

Mesenteric Lymph ◽

Septic Focus ◽

Gastric Microflora

AIMSTo investigate the “gut origin of sepsis” hypothesis.METHODSProspective controlled study of 279 surgical patients in which cultures of nasogastric aspirates were compared with those obtained from mesenteric lymph nodes taken at laparotomy and the organisms cultured from subsequent septic complications. Bacterial translocation was confirmed if positive cultures were obtained from mesenteric lymph nodes. Postoperative sepsis was defined as any positive culture in the postoperative period. Bacterial species obtained in gastric microflora, mesenteric lymph nodes, and postoperative septic complications were compared.RESULTSOnly 85/279 patients (31%) had a sterile nasogastric aspirate; the most frequently identified organism was Candida spp. (54%) and the most common enteric organism cultured was E coli (20%). Multiple organisms were isolated in 39% and occurred more frequently in patients aged over 70 years, those undergoing non-elective surgery, and in those requiring proximal gastrointestinal surgery. Postoperative sepsis was more common in these patients. Bacterial translocation occurred in 21% and was significantly more frequent in those with multiple organisms in their nasogastric aspirates. E coli was the commonest organism isolated from the lymph node specimens (48%) and septic foci (53%). Fungal translocation did not occur. An identical genus was identified in the nasogastric aspirate and the septic focus in 30% of patients, in the nasogastric aspirate and the lymph node in 31%, and in the lymph node and a postoperative septic focus in 45%.CONCLUSIONSProximal gut colonisation is associated with both increased bacterial translocation and septic morbidity. The commonality of organisms identified supports the gut origin of sepsis hypothesis.

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Gut-associated lymphoid T cell suppression enhances bacterial translocation in alcohol and burn injury

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.00235.2001 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 282 (6) ◽

pp. G937-G947 ◽

Cited By ~ 83

Author(s):

Mashkoor A. Choudhry ◽

Nadeem Fazal ◽

Masakatsu Goto ◽

Richard L. Gamelli ◽

Mohammed M. Sayeed

Keyword(s):

T Cell ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Intestinal Permeability ◽

Bacterial Translocation ◽

Burn Injury ◽

Alcohol Exposure ◽

Immune Defense ◽

Intestinal Morphology ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Mesenteric Lymph

The mechanism of alcohol-mediated increased infection in burn patients remains unknown. With the use of a rat model of acute alcohol and burn injury, the present study ascertained whether acute alcohol exposure before thermal injury enhances gut bacterial translocation. On day 2postinjury, we found a severalfold increase in gut bacterial translocation in rats receiving both alcohol and burn injury compared with the animals receiving either injury alone. Whereas there were no demonstrable changes in intestinal morphology in any group of animals, a significant increase in intestinal permeability was observed in ethanol- and burn-injured rats compared with the rats receiving either injury alone. We further examined the role of intestinal immune defense by determining the gut-associated lymphoid (Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes) T cell effector responses 2 days after alcohol and burn injury. Although there was a decrease in the proliferation and interferon-γ by gut lymphoid T cells after burn injury alone; the suppression was maximum in the group of rats receiving both alcohol and burn injuries. Furthermore, the depletion of CD3+cells in healthy rats resulted in bacterial accumulation in mesenteric lymph nodes; such CD3+cell depletion in alcohol- and burn-injured rats furthered the spread of bacteria to spleen and circulation. In conclusion, our data suggest that the increased intestinal permeability and a suppression of intestinal immune defense in rats receiving alcohol and burn injury may cause an increase in bacterial translocation and their spread to extraintestinal sites.

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The Effects of Erythropoietin on Bacterial Translocation and Inflammatory Response in an Experimental Intestinal Obstruction Model in Rats / Uticaj Eritropoetina Na Bakterijsku Translokaciju I Inflamatorni Odgovor U Eksperimentalnom Modelu Intestinalne Opstrukcije Kod Pacova

Journal of Medical Biochemistry ◽

10.2478/v10011-012-0001-6 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 39-46 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Murat Kapan ◽

Akın Onder ◽

Hatice Yuksel ◽

Osman Evliyaoglu ◽

Ugur Firat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Response ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Intestinal Obstruction ◽

Multiple Organ Failure ◽

Bacterial Translocation ◽

Asymmetric Dimethylarginine ◽

Multiple Organ ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Mesenteric Lymph ◽

Ileocaecal Junction

SummaryBackground:Intestinal obstruction results in distortion of balance of antiinflammatory cytokines and release of oxidants, and also leads to bacterial translocation, sepsis and multiple organ failure. Asymmetric dimethylarginine is related to multiple organ failure as a new prognostic marker. Erythropoietin reduces the inflammatory response by decreasing the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and cytokine-induced apoptosis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of erythropoietin in reducing the severity of bacterial translocation and inflammatory response after intestinal obstruction and the relation between asymmetric dimethylarginine and inflammatory markers.Methods:Forty Wistar albino rats (200-250 g) were divided into 4 groups as follows: Group 1 (Sham), only ileocaecal junction dissection; Group 2 (Erythropoietin), ileocaecal junction dissection and 3000 lU/kg erythropoietin subcutaneously; Group 3 (Intestinal Obstruction), complete ileal ligation; Group 4 (Intestinal Obstruction + Erythropoietin), complete ileal ligation and 3000 IU/kg erythropoietin subcutaneously. After 24 hours, the rats were sacrificed by taking blood from the heart for biochemical analyses. Peritoneal swab culture, liver, mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen and ileum were collected for microbiological and histopathological examinations.Results:Erythropoietin reduced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, oxidative damage and bacterial translocation, prevented the formation of inflammatory changes in the intestine, liver, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes,and also significantly prevented the formation of intestinal damage after intestinal obstruction (p<0.05). Conclusions: Asymmetric dimethylarginine levels did not differ between the groups. Erythropoietin may be useful to preserve from intestinal injury and related sepsis in patients with intestinal obstruction. Asymmetric dimethylarginine is not a suitable prognostic marker.

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The Abdomen and Gastrointestinal Tract: Mesenteric Lymph Nodes in Children

Differential Diagnosis in Pediatric Imaging ◽

10.1055/b-0034-87966 ◽

2011 ◽

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Mesenteric Lymph

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Intestinal Clostridioides difficile Can Cause Liver Injury through the Occurrence of Inflammation and Damage to Hepatocytes

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2020/7929610 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Soomin Lee ◽

Heeyoung Lee ◽

Sejeong Kim ◽

Jeeyeon Lee ◽

Jimyeong Ha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Liver Injury ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Bacterial Translocation ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Clostridioides Difficile ◽

Mesenteric Lymph ◽

Induce Liver Injury

This study investigated if intestinal Clostridioides difficile (CD) causes liver injury. Four-week-old male C3H/HeN mice were treated with phosphate-buffered solution (control), CD, diethylnitrosamine (DEN) to induce liver injury with PBS (DEN+PBS), and DEN with CD (DEN+CD) for nine weeks. After sacrifice, livers and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were removed and bacterial translocation, transcriptomes, and proteins were analysed. CD was found in 20% of MLNs from the control and DEN+PBS groups, in 30% of MLNs from the CD group, and in 75% of MLNs from the DEN+CD groups, which had injured livers. Also, CD was detected in 50% of the livers in the DEN+CD group with CD-positive MLNs. Elevated IL-1β, HB-EGF, EGFR, TGF-α, PCNA, DES, HMGB1, and CRP expressions were observed in the CD and DEN+CD groups as compared to the control and DEN+PBS groups. Protein levels of IL-6 and HMGB1 were higher in the CD and DEN+CD groups than in the control and DEN+PBS groups. These results indicate that intestinal CD can initiate and aggravate liver injury, and the mechanism of pathogenesis for liver injury should be investigated in further studies.

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