The Impact of Nontarget Concerns on the Practice of Biological Control

2000 ◽  
pp. 45-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell H. Messing
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Biological Control of the Weedy Plant (Rumex crispus) at the Seedling Growth Stage by the Green Dock Beetle (Gastrophysa viridula)

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
Khalid S. Alshallash Khalid S. Alshallash
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Rumex Crispus ◽  
Shoot Number ◽  
The Impact

In four glasshouse experiments, the effectiveness of the adult green dock beetle Gastrophysa viridula (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), at the effective number of applied individuals, for use as a biological control agent of curled dock, Rumex crispus (Polygonaceae) were studied. The feeding of the beetle was investigated at four different numbers of beetle (0, 1, 2, 3) and at four seedling growth stages of the plant, defined by the average of leaf area per plant (1-1.22 , 2-4.45, 3-11.56, and 4-71.52 cm2/plant). Grazing by one, two or three dock beetles did not result in a significant reduction in dock dry weight or shoot numbers at the youngest growth stage. However, both at later seedling growth stages were significantly affected (P ? 0.0001), at any beetles number. The increase of beetle numbers caused nonsignificant increased effect, in some trials, confirming the impact of a single beetle. Three months after beetle grazing, dock seedlings of first, second and third growth stages were not able to regrow, however, some plants at the 4th growth stage, re-emerged. This suggested that the highest effect of beetle's feeding occurs on the early seedling stages. Statistical analysis showed a positive correlation (0.77) between dry weight and shoot number at all the four seedling growth stages, thus confirming the impact of the beetle on both the dry weight and shoot numbers. Combining beetle grazing with other control methods at older dock seedling stages could, therefore, provide better suppression

scholarly journals Why Does Phlebiopsis gigantea not Always Inhibit Root and Butt Rot in Conifers?

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Żółciak ◽  
Katarzyna Sikora ◽  
Marta Wrzosek ◽  
Marta Damszel ◽  
Zbigniew Sierota
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Forest Research ◽  
Phlebiopsis Gigantea ◽  
Wood Traits ◽  
The Impact

This review aims to identify possible causes of differing effectiveness of artificial biological control of Heterobasidion root rot by the saprotrophic fungus Phlebiopsis gigantea. We describe published information in terms of pathogen–competitor relationships and the impact of environmental and genetic factors. We also revisit data from original research performed in recent years at the Forest Research Institute in Poland. We hypothesized that, in many cases, competition in roots and stumps of coniferous trees between the necrotrophic Heterobasidion spp. and the introduced saprotroph, Phlebiopsis gigantea, is affected by growth characteristics and enzymatic activity of the fungi, the characteristics of the wood, and environmental conditions. We concluded that both wood traits and fungal enzymatic activity during wood decay in roots and stumps, and the richness of the fungal biota, may limit biological control of root rot. In addition, we identify the need for research on new formulations and isolates of the fungal competitor, Phlebiopsis gigantea, as well as on approaches for accurately identifying the infectious threat from pathogens.

scholarly journals Biological control of mites in European vineyards and the impact of natural vegetation

2010 ◽  
pp. 399-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Duso ◽  
Serge Kreiter ◽  
Marie-Stéphane Tixier ◽  
Alberto Pozzebon ◽  
Valeria Malagnini
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Vegetation ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Impact Assessment of Biological Control-Based Integrated Pest Management in Rice and Maize in the Greater Mekong Subregion

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Babendreier ◽  
Min Wan ◽  
Rui Tang ◽  
Rui Gu ◽  
Justice Tambo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

The impact and sustainability of two interventions that have been formulated to introduce integrated pest management (IPM) into rice and maize crops in Southwestern China, Laos, and Myanmar between 2011 and 2016, and were assessed at the end of 2017. From 22 Trichogramma rearing facilities established during the interventions, 11 were still producing substantial quantities of biocontrol agents 1.5 years after project support had ended, while seven had stopped operations completely, and four were doing stock rearing only. Through the implementation of biological control-based IPM, slightly higher yields were achieved in maize and rice (4–10%), when compared to control farmers, but the difference was not statistically significant. However, the use of pesticides nearly halved when farmers started using Trichogramma egg-cards as a biological control agent. Support from either public or private institutions was found to be important for ensuring the sustainability of Trichogramma rearing facilities. Many of the suggested IPM measures were not adopted by smallholder farmers, indicating that the positive impacts of the interventions mostly resulted from the application of Trichogramma biological control agents. The following assessment suggests that further promotion of IPM adoption among farmers is needed to upscale the already positive effects of interventions that facilitate reductions in synthetic pesticide use, and the effects on sustainable agricultural production of rice and maize in the target area more generally.

Assessing aerated vermicompost tea (ACT) combined with microbial biological control agents for suppression of Fusarium and Rhizoctonia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Wylie ◽  
Zamir K. Punja
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Background Suppression ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Vermicompost Tea ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Better Than

Biological control of plant diseases is important in organic greenhouse vegetable production where fungicide use is limited. Organic producers employ microbially-diverse substrates, including composts, as media for plant growth. Previous research into the impact of vermicompost on the efficacy of applied biocontrol agents is limited. An in vitro assay was developed to test the efficacy of two biological control agents in a competitive microbial background. Suppression of the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum (Forc) by Clonostachys rosea f. catenulata (Gliocladium catenulatum strain J1446 (Prestop®) and Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713 (Rhapsody®), was assessed on agar media amended with aerated vermicompost tea (ACT). Pathogen growth was reduced more by C. rosea than ACT alone and C. rosea was equally effective when combined with ACT. In contrast, B. subtilis reduced pathogen growth less than ACT, and when combined, reduced pathogen growth not more than ACT alone. Both biocontrol agents were similarly tested with ACT against Forc and Rhizoctonia solani on cucumber and radish. Additive, neutral, and antagonistic responses, depending on host, pathogen, and biocontrol agent, were observed. ACT alone provided more consistent disease suppression on cucumber compared with B. subtilis or C. rosea. In combination, disease suppression was most often better than each biocontrol alone but not better than ACT alone. ACT had antagonistic or additive interactions with C. rosea in the radish/R. solani pathosystem, depending on the experiment. The specific and general suppression of plant diseases by biological control agents in microbially-rich environments is variable and requires further study.

scholarly journals The effect of within-crop habitat manipulations on the conservation biological control of aphids in field-grown lettuce

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 623-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J. Skirvin ◽  
L. Kravar-Garde ◽  
K. Reynolds ◽  
C. Wright ◽  
A. Mead
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Floral Resources ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Natural Regulation ◽  
Wildflower Strips ◽  
Natural Pest Regulation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Regulation Changes

AbstractWithin-crop habitat manipulations have the potential to increase the biological control of pests in horticultural field crops. Wildflower strips have been shown to increase the abundance of natural enemies, but there is little evidence to date of an impact on pest populations. The aim of this study was to determine whether within-crop wildflower strips can increase the natural regulation of pests in horticultural field crops. Aphid numbers in plots of lettuce grown adjacent to wildflower strips were compared with those in plots grown in the absence of wildflowers. The presence of wildflower strips led to a decrease in aphid numbers on adjacent lettuce plants during June and July, but had less impact in August and September. The decrease in aphid numbers was greatest close to the wildflower strips and, the decrease in aphid numbers declined with increasing distance from the wildflower strips, with little effect at a distance of ten metres. The main natural enemies found in the crop were those that dispersed aerially, which is consistent with data from previous studies on cereal crops. Analysis and interpretation of natural enemy numbers was difficult due to low recovery of natural enemies, and the numbers appeared to follow changes in aphid abundance rather than being directly linked to the presence of wildflower strips. Cutting the wildflower strips, to remove floral resources, had no impact on the reduction in aphid numbers achieved during June and July, but decreased the effect of the wildflower strips during August and September. The results suggest that wildflower strips can lead to increased natural regulation of pest aphids in outdoor lettuce crops, but more research is required to determine how this is mediated by natural enemies and how the impact of wildflower strips on natural pest regulation changes during the growing season.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Native Wine Yeast as Biocontrol Agents Against Fungal Pathogens Related to Postharvest Diseases

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Reyes-Bravo ◽  
Andrea Acuña-Fontecilla ◽  
Ines Marlene Rosales ◽  
Liliana Godoy
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Antagonistic Microorganisms ◽  
Chemical Products ◽  
The Impact

Changes in consumer expectations have led to increasing demand for novel plant protection strategies, in order to reduce the application of chemical products, reduce the occurrence of new pests and the impact that all these actions generate in the environment. In recent years there have been numerous investigations related to biological control and the use of microorganisms as new control strategies. As part of integrated disease management, antagonistic microorganisms have been investigated lately and presented great interest. Such microorganisms can be applied in conventional and in organic farming as biological control agents (BCA). Many of these microorganisms are present in the microbial ecology generating interactive associations between surrounding microorganisms. For these reasons, it has become necessary to search new natural antimicrobial agents as alternatives to synthetic and chemical products. It has been discovered that there are microorganisms, particularly yeasts, that have antagonistic activity and different mechanisms of action, indicating that they could be interesting candidates for the development of BCA. Here, we evaluate the antagonist effect of four endophytic yeast, Cryptococcus antarcticus, Aureobasidium pullulans, Cryptococcus terrestris and Cryptococcus oeirensis over the growth of Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia laxa, Penicillium expansum and Geotrichum candidum in in vitro assays (inhibition zone diameter assay and confrontation assay).The results revealed that the four yeast strains evaluated showed antagonistic activity against the phytopathogens tested, suggesting that these yeasts produce compounds capable of inhibiting the growth of fungi and, depending on the assay, the evaluated antagonist-yeasts have differential biocontrolling-effect against the postharvest pathogens tested.

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