Role of Mixed-Function Oxidases in Insecticide Resistance

1983 ◽  
pp. 175-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. F. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Mixed Function Oxidases

scholarly journals Effects of piperonyl butoxide on the toxicity of the organophosphate temephos and the role of esterases in the insecticide resistance of Aedes aegypti

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 579-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boscolli Barbosa Pereira ◽  
Jean Ezequiel Limongi ◽  
Edimar Olegário de Campos Júnior ◽  
Denis Prudencio Luiz ◽  
Warwick Estevam Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Piperonyl Butoxide

scholarly journals Species diversity and insecticide resistance within the Anopheles hyrcanus group in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anchana Sumarnrote ◽  
Hans J. Overgaard ◽  
Vincent Corbel ◽  
Kanutcharee Thanispong ◽  
Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Insecticide Susceptibility ◽  
Human Landing ◽  
Early Peak

Abstract Background Members of the Anopheles hyrcanus group have been incriminated as important malaria vectors. This study aims to identify the species and explore the insecticide susceptibility profile within the Anopheles hyrcanus group in Ubon Ratchathani Province, northeastern Thailand where increasing numbers of malaria cases were reported in 2014. Methods Between 2013 and 2015, five rounds of mosquito collections were conducted using human landing and cattle bait techniques during both the rainy and dry seasons. Anopheles mosquitoes were morphologically identified and their insecticide susceptibility status was investigated. Synergist bioassays were carried out with An. hyrcanus (s.l.) due to their resistance to all insecticides. An ITS2-PCR assay was conducted to identify to species the Hyrcanus group specimens. Results Out of 10,361 Anopheles females collected, representing 18 taxa in 2 subgenera, 71.8% were morphologically identified as belonging to the Hyrcanus Group (subgenus Anopheles), followed by An. barbirostris group (7.9%), An. nivipes (6.5%), An. philippinensis (5.9%) and the other 14 Anopheles species. Specimens of the Hyrcanus Group were more prevalent during the rainy season and were found to be highly zoophilic. Anopheles hyrcanus (s.l.) was active throughout the night, with an early peak of activity between 18:00 h and 21:00 h. ITS2-PCR assay conducted on 603 DNA samples from specimens within the Hyrcanus Group showed the presence of five sisters species. Anopheles peditaeniatus was the most abundant species (90.5%, n = 546), followed by An. nitidus (4.5%, n = 27), An. nigerrimus (4.3%, n = 26), An. argyropus (0.5%, n = 3), and An. sinensis (0.2%, n = 1). All An. hyrcanus (s.l.) specimens that were found resistant to insecticides (deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75% and DDT 4% and synergist tests) belonged to An. peditaeniatus. The degree of resistance in An. peditaeniatus to each of these three insecticides was approximately 50%. Addition of PBO (Piperonyl butoxide), but not DEF (S.S.S-tributyl phosphotritioate), seemed to restore susceptibility, indicating a potential role of oxidases as a detoxifying enzyme resistance mechanism. Conclusions A better understanding of mosquito diversity related to host preference, biting activity and insecticide resistance status will facilitate the implementation of locally adapted vector control strategies.

Activities of Select Enzymes Involved in Insecticide Resistance in Spinosad-Resistant and -Susceptible Strains of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hafiz Azhar Ali Khan ◽  
Waseem Akram ◽  
Sajid Ali
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Susceptible Strain ◽  
Detoxifying Enzymes ◽  
Mechanism Of Resistance ◽  
Mixed Function Oxidases ◽  
Glutathione S Transferases

Abstract A Musca domestica L. strain collected from Pakistan has recently been shown to be resistant to spinosad; however, there is scarce information about the mechanism of resistance. For this reason, we explored whether a metabolic-based mechanism was responsible by analyzing the activities of the metabolic detoxifying enzymes, carboxylesterases, glutathione S-transferases, and mixed-function oxidases, in both a spinosad-selected (Spin-SEL) strain of M. domestica and a susceptible counterpart (Lab-susceptible). The results revealed that both strains were statistically at par in terms of enzyme activities. The activity of carboxylesterases in the Lab-susceptible strain was 78.17 ± 3.06 in comparison to 79.16 ± 3.31 nmol min−1 mg−1 in the Spin-SEL strain. The activity of mixed-function oxidases was 51.58 ± 4.20 in the Lab-susceptible strain, whereas 54.33 ± 4.08 pmol min−1 mg−1 was recorded in the Spin-SEL strain. The activity of glutathione S-transferases was 86.50 ± 4.59 (Lab-susceptible) and 90.33 ± 2.81 nmol min−1 mg−1 (Spin-SEL). These results revealed that the studied enzymes might not be responsible for spinosad resistance in the studied strain of M. domestica. Therefore, studies should be extended to find out other possible mechanisms of spinosad resistance.

scholarly journals Possible molecular genetic mechanisms of resistance in populations of the Colorado potato beetle

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 00004
Author(s):  
Galina Benkovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Colorado Potato Beetle ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Membrane Channels ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Genetic Base ◽  
Potato Beetle ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms

Expansion of the Colorado potato beetle (CPB) in the Eurasia is continuing. At the same time, there is an increase in the level of insecticide resistance in populations of CPB in Russia. Regular detection of individuals resistant to diagnostic doses of insecticides during the last 10 years shows an increase of their prevalence in local populations in Bashkortostan. Genetic base of insecticide resistance in the Colorado potato beetle populations contains both mutations in the genes of target receptors or membrane channels, as well as changes in expression of these and many other genes. Role of the diapause proteins capable to bind xenobiotics and withdraw them from metabolism is discussed.

Preliminary Studies on Bemitradine-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Female Rats

1991 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 511-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Levin ◽  
D. Semler ◽  
S. Gad ◽  
E. Burton ◽  
G. Walsh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Primary Metabolite ◽  
T Wave ◽  
Mixed Function Oxidases ◽  
Circulating Levels

The mechanism of bemitradine (SC-33643) cardiotoxicity in female rats was investigated in the set of preliminary experiments reported here. Specifically, the involvement of bemitradine metabolites and the potential role of adrenal epinephrine release were examined. Desethylbemi-tradine (the primary metabolite of bemitradine) was shown to be cardiotoxic at oral dosages greater than 300 mg/kg for 7 days. In a separate experiment, a major metabolite (bemitradine glycol) unique to the rat was not cardiotoxic at dosages up to 600 mg/kg for 7 days. Treatment of rats with SKF 525-A enhanced the lethality and the cardiotoxicity of bemitradine. In contrast, prior treatments of rats with phenobarbital resulted in decreased cardiotoxicity of both bemitradine and desethylbemitradine (a bemitradine metabolite presumably further metabolized by the microsomal mixed function oxidases). In other independent experiments, bemitradine-induced cardiotoxicity was shown to be accompanied by adrenal damage and decreases in adrenal epinephrine. Propranolol (a β-antagonist) treatment protected rats against cardiotoxicity. Bemitradine also had a direct effect on the heart, as evidenced in an experiment in which bemitradine caused dose-related increases in the T-wave of the rat ECG complex. These data suggest that (1) both bemitradine and desethylbemitradine may be responsible for the cardiotoxicity, and the other downstream metabolites are not and (2) cardiotoxicity may be due to the combination of direct effects of bemitradine on the rat heart and the bemitradine-mediated release of adrenal epinephrine (a known cardiotoxin at high circulating levels).

scholarly journals Role of the G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling Pathway in Insecticide Resistance

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Li ◽  
Nannan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Sf9 Cells ◽  
Camp Production ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptor ◽  
G Protein Coupled

The G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) regulated intracellular signaling pathway is known to be involved in the development of insecticide resistance in the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus. To elucidate the specific role of each effector in the GPCR regulating pathway, we initially expressed a GPCR, G-protein alpha subunit (Gαs), adenylate cyclase (AC), and protein kinase A (PKA) in insect Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells and investigated their regulation function on cyclic AMP (cAMP) production and PKA activity. GPCR, Gαs, and AC individually expressed Sf9 cells showed higher cAMP production as the expression of each effector increased. All the effector-expressed cell lines showed increased PKA activity however. Moreover, Sf9 cytochrome P450 gene expression and cell tolerance to permethrin were examined. The relative expression of CYP9A32gene in Sf9 cells tested was significantly increased in all effector-expressed cell lines compared to a control cell line; these effector-expressed cell lines also showed significantly higher tolerance to permethrin. Inhibitor treatments on each effector-expressed cell line revealed that Bupivacaine HCl and H89 2HCl robustly inhibited cAMP production and PKA activity, respectively, resulting in decreased tolerance to permethrin in all cell lines. The synergistic functions of Bupivacaine HCl and H89 2HCl with permethrin were further examined in Culex mosquito larvae, providing a valuable new information for mosquito control strategies.

scholarly journals Regulation of GSTu1-mediated insecticide resistance in Plutella xylostella by miRNA and lncRNA

PLoS Genetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. e1009888
Author(s):  
Bin Zhu ◽  
Linhong Li ◽  
Rui Wei ◽  
Pei Liang ◽  
Xiwu Gao
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Mrna Stability ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Antisense Transcript ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Detoxifying Enzymes ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance

The evolution of resistance to insecticides is well known to be closely associated with the overexpression of detoxifying enzymes. Although the role of glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes in insecticide resistance has been widely reported, the underlying regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, one GST gene (GSTu1) and its antisense transcript (lnc-GSTu1-AS) were identified and cloned, and both of them were upregulated in several chlorantraniliprole-resistant Plutella xylostella populations. GSTu1 was confirmed to be involved in chlorantraniliprole resistance by direct degradation of this insecticide. Furthermore, we demonstrated that lnc-GSTu1-AS interacted with GSTu1 by forming an RNA duplex, which masked the binding site of miR-8525-5p at the GSTu1-3′UTR. In summary, we revealed that lnc-GSTu1-AS maintained the mRNA stability of GSTu1 by preventing its degradation that could have been induced by miR-8525-5p and thus increased the resistance of P. xylostella to chlorantraniliprole. Our findings reveal a new noncoding RNA-mediated pathway that regulates the expression of detoxifying enzymes in insecticide-resistant insects and offer opportunities for the further understanding of the mechanisms of insecticide and drug resistance.

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